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Part I Justice Administration: An Introduction = 1
Chapter 1 The Study and Scope of Justice Administration = 3
Key Terms and Concepts = 4
Learning Objectives = 4
Why Study Justice Administ...
목차 전체
Part I Justice Administration: An Introduction = 1
Chapter 1 The Study and Scope of Justice Administration = 3
Key Terms and Concepts = 4
Learning Objectives = 4
Why Study Justice Administration? = 4
Purpose of The Book and Key Terms = 5
Organization of The Book = 5
A True System of Justice? = 7
A Criminal Justice Process? = 8
A Criminal Justice Network? = 8
A Criminal Justice Nonsystem? = 10
Or a True Criminal Justice System? = 13
The Foundations of Justice and Administration: Legal and Historical Bases = 13
The Consensus Versus Conflict Debate = 14
Crime Control Through Due Process = 15
Public-sector Versus Private-sector Administration = 16
Policymaking in Justice Administration = 17
Summary = 19
Questions for Review = 19
Notes = 20
Chapter 2 Organization and Administration: Principles and Practices = 22
Key Terms and Concepts = 23
Learning Objectives = 23
Introduction = 24
Defining Organizations = 24
Organizational Theory and Function = 25
Elements of An Organization = 25
Organizational Inputs/outputs = 27
Organizational Structure = 28
Leading The Organization = 29
What Is Leadership? = 30
Organizational Communication = 31
Definition and Characteristics = 31
Communication Within Criminal Justice Organizations = 33
The Grapevine = 34
Oral and Written Communication = 35
Other Barriers to Effective Communication = 35
Cultural Empathy = 36
Historical Approaches to Management = 36
Scientific Management = 36
Human Relations Management = 37
Systems Management = 38
Primary Leadership Theories = 38
Trait Theory = 38
Style Theory = 40
Situational Leadership = 41
The Managerial Grid = 43
Types of Leadership Skills = 45
Motivating Employees = 46
The Hawthorne Studies = 46
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs = 47
Mcgregor's Theory X/theory Y = 51
Herzberg's Motivation-hygiene Theory = 52
Expectancy and Contingency Theories = 52
A Diversion: Managing Generation X/y Employees = 55
Summary = 56
Questions for Review = 56
Notes = 57
Part Ii The Police = 61
Chapter 3 Police Organization and Operation = 63
Key Terms and Concepts = 64
Learning Objectives = 64
Introduction = 64
Police Agencies As Organizations = 65
The Grouping of Activities = 65
The Division of Labor = 65
Elements of Police Organizational Structure = 66
Examples of Police Organization = 68
The Basic Organizational Structure = 68
Commentary on The Quasi-military Style of Policing = 71
Organizational Guidelines: Policies, Procedures, Rules, and Regulations = 72
Community-oriented Policing and Problem Solving = 73
Rationale and Definitions = 73
The S.a.r.a. Process = 74
Desired Organizational Elements Under Copps = 76
Effecting Change in Policing = 77
Change Begins With The Supervisor = 77
The Chief Executive and Mid-level Manager = 78
Case Studies = 79
Summary = 80
Questions for Review = 80
Notes = 81
Chapter 4 Police Personnel Roles and Functions = 83
Key Terms and Concepts = 84
Learning Objectives = 84
Introduction = 85
Roles of The Police Executive: The Mintzberg Model of Ceos = 85
The Interpersonal Role = 85
The Informational Role = 86
The Decision-maker Role = 87
Law Enforcement Executives, Generally = 88
Obtaining The Best: The Assessment Center = 88
Skills of Good Managers = 89
The "ten Commandments" = 89
Managing The Organization's Critical Components = 90
Chiefs of Police = 91
Expectations of Government and Community = 91
Qualifications = 92
Job Protection, Termination, and The Political Arena = 93
The Sheriff = 94
Role and Functions = 94
Middle Managers: Captains and Lieutenants = 95
First-line Supervisors: The Patrol Sergeant = 98
Seeking The Gold Badge = 98
Assuming The Position: General Roles and Functions = 98
Types of Supervisors = 102
The Patrol Officer = 104
Basic Tasks = 104
What Traits Make a Good Officer? = 104
Can People Be Too Smart for Police Work? = 105
Policy Implications = 106
Strategies for Hiring The Best = 107
Roles and Functions of Police Personnel Under Copps = 107
The Chief Executive = 108
Middle Managers = 108
First-line Supervisors = 109
Rank-and-file Officers = 109
Case Studies = 110
Summary = 112
Questions for Review = 112
Notes = 112
Chapter 5 Police Issues and Practices = 115
Key Terms and Concepts = 116
Learning Objectives = 116
Introduction = 116
Managing The Use of Force = 117
Power to Be Used Judiciously = 117
A Typology of Abuse of Authority = 118
Reporting and Examining Use-of-force Occurrences = 120
Vehicular Pursuits = 121
A High-stakes Operation = 121
The Supreme Court's View = 122
Leadership Rejoinder = 122
Border and Heartland Troubles = 125
A Daily Deluge of Humanity = 125
Crimes Wrought by Undocumented Aliens = 126
New Technologies: Drones and Databases = 127
Challenges With Racial Profiling = 127
A "hot Button" Issue = 127
Need for Data = 129
Leadership Challenges = 130
Bringing Down The Walls: Women and Minorities Wearing The Badge = 131
Women As Officers and Executives = 131
Key Issues = 133
Minorities As Law Enforcement Officers = 135
The High Cost of Hunting Missing Persons in An Age of Media Superfluity = 135
Future Considerations = 136
Forecasts and Strategies = 136
Copps and Other Trends = 136
Case Studies = 138
Summary = 141
Questions for Review = 141
Notes = 142
Chapter 6 Terrorism and Homeland Defense = 145
Key Terms and Concepts = 146
Learning Objectives = 146
Introduction = 146
Types and Categories of Terrorism = 148
Definitions = 148
Categories = 148
Nuclear Biological, and Environmental Terrorism = 148
Other Threats: Cyberterrosism and Agriculture Shock = 150
Law Enforcement Responses = 191
General Approaches and Posse Comitatus = 151
The Department of Homeland Security = 151
Establishing Command and Control: The National Incident Management System
197
Emergency Response Checklist = 162
Tactical Concerns = 163
Technology Needs = 164
Interagency Cooperation, Command and Control: The Washington, D.c.-area Sniper Investigation = 164
Unfinished Business With Regard to Vulnerability to Terrorism = 167
Case Studies = 169
Summary = 170
Items for Review = 171
Notes = 171
Part Iii The Courts = 175
Chapter 7 Court Organization and Operation = 177
Key Terms and Concepts = 178
Learning Objectives = 178
Introduction = 178
By The Numbers: Court Statistics = 179
Inside The Courts: Decor, Decorum, Citizens = 179
Hallowed Places = 179
Justice in The Eye of The Beholder = 180
Seeking Truth in An Adversarial Atmosphere = 181
Courts As Organizations = 182
A Nonbureaucratic Work Group = 182
Organizational Structure = 183
The Influence of Courts in Policymaking = 185
Decreasing Litigation: Alternative Dispute Resolution = 186
Adr Options: Arbitration and Mediation = 187
Attempts at Reforming Court Organization = 188
Case Study = 191
Summary = 192
Questions for Review = 192
Notes = 192
Chapter 8 Court Personnel Roles and Functions = 194
Key Terms and Concepts = 195
Learning Objectives = 195
Introduction = 195
Defining Judicial Administration = 196
The Jurists = 198
Those Who Would Be Judges: Methods of Selection = 198
Benefits and Problems = 199
Good Judging and Courtroom Civility = 202
Judges As Court Managers = 204
Court Clerks = 204
Key Individuals = 204
The Forgotten Majority: Clerks in Rural Courts = 205
Trained Court Administrators = 205
Development and Training = 205
General Duties = 207
How Judges Evaluate Administrators = 207
Jury Administration = 208
Case Study = 210
Summary = 211
Questions for Review = 211
Notes = 212
Chapter 9 Court Issues and Practices = 215
Key Terms and Concepts = 216
Learning Objectives = 216
Introduction = 216
Justice from The Due Process and Crime Control Perspectives = 217
Courthouse Violence = 217
Types of Courthouse Violence = 218
Making a Threat Assessment = 219
Problem-solving Courts = 220
"therapeutic Justice," Not "mcjustice" = 220
In The Spotlight: Drug Courts = 221
The Dilemma of Delay = 222
"justice Delayed..." = 222
The Consequences = 222
Suggested Solutions = 223
Case Scheduling: Two Systems = 224
A Blockbuster Supreme Court Decision on Federal Sentencing Guidelines = 225
Other Issues = 226
Gender Bias = 226
Should Juveniles Be Tried As Adults? = 227
Should The Exclusionary Rule Be Banned? = 228
Should Cameras Be Banned? = 228
Does Plea Bargaining Belong? = 229
Jury Science = 230
Future Considerations = 231
Shifts in Philosophy and Practice = 231
Trends and Expectations = 231
Case Studies = 233
Summary = 235
Questions for Review = 235
Notes = 236
Part Iv Corrections = 239
Chapter 10 Corrections Organization and Operation = 241
Key Terms and Concepts = 242
Learning Objectives = 242
Introduction = 243
Correctional Organizations = 243
Inmates, Employment, Expenditures = 243
Why The Increase in Corrections Populations? = 244
General Mission and Features = 245
Prisons As Organizations = 246
Statewide Central Offices = 246
Prison Organization and Administration = 249
Inmate Litigation = 253
Rights of Inmates = 253
A Resurgence of The Hands-off Doctrine? = 253
Increases in Litigation and Frivolous Lawsuits Prior to The New Millennium = 254
The Prison Litigation Reform Act = 255
Jails As Organizations = 256
The "new-generation" Jail = 256
Making Jails Productive = 258
Probation and Parole Agencies As Organizations = 259
Probation Systems = 259
Parole Systems = 261
Case Studies = 263
Summary = 264
Questions for Review = 265
Notes = 265
Chapter 11 Corrections Personnel Roles and Functions = 269
Key Terms and Concepts = 270
Learning Objectives = 270
Introduction = 270
Prisons = 271
The Warden: a Profile = 271
Preparing New Wardens for Success = 272
Principles of Good Prison Leadership = 273
Administering The Death Penalty = 275
Achieving Racial Balance = 275
Middle Managers and Supervisors = 276
"thy Brother's Keeper": Correctional Officers = 276
A Typology: Eight Types of Correctional Officers = 277
Inappropriate Relationships With Inmates = 279
Jail Personnel = 280
Jail Purpose and Environment = 280
Choosing Jail Work and Type of Facility = 280
Female Jail Employees = 281
Detention As a Career Path = 282
Employee Training = 282
Correctional Officer Stress and Burnout = 283
Probation and Parole Officers = 283
Primary Duties = 283
To Arm Or Not to Arm? = 284
Probation Management Styles = 284
Case Studies = 286
Summary = 290
Questions for Review = 291
Notes = 291
Chapter 12 Corrections Issues and Practices = 294
Key Terms and Concepts = 295
Learning Objectives = 295
Introduction = 295
Issues Facing Correctional Administrators = 296
Substantive Correctional Issues = 296
Administrative Correctional Issues = 297
Issues Concerning Inmate Populations = 299
Sexual Coercion in Correctional Institutions = 299
Averting Inmate Suicides = 300
The Aging Offender = 301
Juvenile Offenders Sentenced As Adults = 302
Female Offenders = 302
Mentally Ill Offenders = 303
Minority Inmates = 303
Segregating Inmates = 304
Drug Use in Prisons: Interdiction and Treatment = 304
The Pennsylvania Plan = 305
Treating The Problem in Prisons = 305
The Move Toward Privatization = 306
Emergence of The Concept = 306
Arguments for and Against = 306
Alternatives to Incarceration: Intermediate Sanctions = 307
Intensive Probation Or Parole = 308
House Arrest = 310
Electronic Monitoring = 311
Shock Probation/parole = 312
Boot Camps/shock Incarceration = 313
Day Reporting Centers = 313
Reinventing Probation: Partnering With The Police = 314
A Crisis in Boston = 314
Before Replication Is Attempted... = 315
Computer Crime and The Probation Officer = 316
Legal Provisions = 316
Supervising The Computer Offender = 316
Corrections and The Future = 317
The Changing Nature Qf 'justice," Treatment; and Custody = 317
Changing Personnel and Populations = 317
Case Studies = 319
Summary = 321
Questions for Review = 321
Notes = 322
Part V Issues Spanning The Justice System: Administrative Challenges and Practices = 327
Chapter 13 Ethical Considerations = 329
Key Terms and Concepts = 330
Learning Objectives = 330
Introduction = 330
Food for Thought: Some Ethical Dilemmas
337
Ethics = 333
Philosophical Foundations = 333
Types of Ethics = 334
Ethics in Policing = 335
A Primer: The Oral Interview = 335
A "slippery Slope"? Lying and Deception = 336
Gratuities = 337
Greed and Temptation = 339
Community Policing = 341
Training, Supervision, Values = 341
Ethics in The Courts = 342
The Evolution of Standards of Conduct = 342
The Judge = 343
Lawyers for The Defense = 345
Prosecutors = 345
Other Court Employees = 345
Ethics in Corrections = 346
Guiding Decision Making = 347
Some Ethics Tests for The Justice Professional = 348
Is Workplace Loyalty Always Good? = 348
Case Studies = 351
Summary = 354
Questions for Review = 354
Notes = 355
Chapter 14 Rights of Criminal Justice Employees = 358
Key Terms and Concepts = 359
Learning Objectives = 359
Introduction = 359
Overview = 360
The Employment Relationship = 361
Recruitment and Hiring = 361
Disparate Treatment = 362
How Old Is "too Old" in Criminal Justice? = 363
Criminal Justice and Affirmative Action = 364
Property Rights in Employment = 365
Pay and Benefits = 367
Criminal Justice and a Safe Workplace = 368
Constitutional Rights of Criminal Justice Employees = 369
Freedom of Speech and Association = 369
Searches and Seizures = 372
Self-incrimination = 373
Religious Practices = 374
Sexual Misconduct = 374
Residency Requirements = 375
Moonlighting = 376
Misuse of Firearms = 376
Alcohol and Drugs in The Workplace = 378
Rights of Police Officers = 380
Sexual Harassment = 381
The Family and Medical Leave Act = 383
The Americans With Disabilities Act (ada) = 383
Case Studies = 385
Summary = 386
Questions for Review = 386
Notes = 387
Chapter 15 Special Challenges: Discipline, Labor Relations, and Liability = 391
Key Terms and Concepts = 392
Learning Objectives = 392
Introduction = 392
Disciplinary Policies and Practices = 393
Maintaining The Public Trust = 393
Due Process Requirements = 394
A Tradition of Problems in Policing = 395
Automated Records Systems = 395
Determining The Level and Nature of Action = 396
Positive and Negative Discipline = 397
Dealing With Complaints = 398
Making a Determination and Disposition = 400
Labor Relations in Criminal Justice Agencies = 405
The Movement Begins: Policing Then and Now = 405
Corrections Follows The Precedent = 407
Unionization in The Courts = 408
Collective Bargaining: Types, Relationships, Negotiations, Job Actions = 408
Three Models = 408
The Bargaining Relationship = 411
Negotiations = 411
In The Event of An Impasse = 413
Job Actions = 414
Civil Liability = 414
Torts and Negligence = 415
Section 1983 Legislation = 416
New Areas of Potential Liability = 417
Liability of Corrections Personnel = 418
Case Studies = 420
Summary = 421
Questions for Review = 421
Notes = 422
Chapter 16 Financial Administration = 425
Key Terms and Concepts = 426
Learning Objectives = 426
Introduction = 426
The Budget = 427
A Working Definition = 427
Elements of a Budget = 428
The Budget Cycle = 428
Budget Formulation = 428
Budget Approval = 431
Budget Execution = 433
The Audit = 433
Budget Formats = 437
The Line-item Budget = 437
The Performance Budget = 442
The Program Budget = 444
Pbs and Zero-based Budgeting Formats = 445
Potential Pitfalls in Budgeting = 447
The Need for Budgeting Flexibility = 447
Common Cost and Waste Problems = 448
Should Criminal Justice Policies?and Budgets?be Reformed? = 449
States Grapple With Large Deficits = 449
Strategies for Policy Makers to Consider = 450
Steps in Budget Development = 452
Case Study = 455
Summary = 456
Questions for Review = 456
Notes = 456
Chapter 17 Technologies Now and for The Future = 459
Key Terms and Concepts = 460
Learning Objectives = 460
Introduction = 460
Law Enforcement Tools and Methods = 461
Technologies Versus Terrorists = 461
Recent Developments in Less-than-lethal Weapons = 462
Crime Mapping = 463
Accident Investigation = 466
Ending High-speed Pursuits = 467
Crime Scenes = 468
Gang Intelligence Systems = 468
Other Technologies = 470
Reverse 911 = 472
Future Attractions: Augmented Reality and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles = 472
Court Technologies = 473
Six Types = 474
The Courtroom 21 Project = 476
Institutional Corrections = 477
Putting Down a Riot = 477
Offender Management = 478
Automated Direct-supervision in Jails = 478
"virtual Visits" to Hospitals and Courtrooms = 479
Probation and Parole = 479
Corrections-police Interface: Sharing Information = 479
Kiosk Check-in for Probationers = 479
A Body of Evidence: Biometrics = 480
For More Information = 481
Summary = 481
Questions for Review = 481
Notes = 482
Appendix I Relevant Web Sites and Listservs = 485
Appendix Ii Writings of Confucius, Machiavelli, and Lao-tzu = 496
Index = 499
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