목차 일부
Socio-Economic Structure, Human Needs, and Mutual Responsibility = 1
Overview = 1
The Impact of Social and Economic Structures = 2
Defining Social Welfare and Social Work = 4
The American ...
목차 전체
Socio-Economic Structure, Human Needs, and Mutual Responsibility = 1
Overview = 1
The Impact of Social and Economic Structures = 2
Defining Social Welfare and Social Work = 4
The American Myth of the Hero = 5
Balancing Individual and Societal Responsibilities = 8
The Authors' Perspective = 9
Summary = 13
Questions for Consideration = 13
Notes = 13
Social Values and Social Welfare = 15
Overview = 15
Modern Views of Humanity = 16
Self-Actualization versus Irritation Response Theories = 17
Economics and Human Motivation = 18
An Overview of History = 19
Altruism and Mutual Aid = 19
Ancient Cultures = 21
Egypt = 21
Sumer and Babylonia = 22
Hebrew and Judaic Societies = 23
Greece and Rome = 25
Early Christianity = 27
Byzantium: Christianity in the East = 28
Holy Poverty and Expectations of the Wealthy = 29
Eastern Cultures = 30
China = 30
India = 31
Islam = 32
Summary: Evolving Values and Social Welfare = 33
Questions for Consideration = 33
Notes = 34
Social values and Social Welfare: England from the Middle Ages Onward = 36
Overview = 36
The Early Middle Ages = 36
The Middle Middle Ages = 38
The Late Middle Ages to Elizabethan Poor Laws = 39
Work and Religion = 44
The Poor Laws = 48
The Poor Law Compilation of 1601 = 48
Speenhamland = 50
The Workhouse = 52
The Poor Law of 1834 = 54
Principles of the Poor Laws = 55
Summary = 57
Questions for Consideration = 57
Notes = 58
Social values and Social Welfare: The American Experience I = 60
Overview = 60
American Poor Law Mentality = 60
Settlements, Labor, and Imported ``Poor Laws'' = 61
The Early Spanish Influence, the Mexicans, and Other Latinos = 64
Voluntary Mutual Aid Efforts = 66
Mutual Aid Among African Americans = 67
Voluntary and Public Responsibilities = 69
The American Frontier: The Myth and Values = 70
American Indians and U.S. History = 73
The Federal Role in Social Welfare = 77
The Freedmen's Bureau = 78
Veterans and a Suspension of the Ethic = 79
Social Darwinism = 81
The Coming of Social Insurance = 81
Society, Social Values, and Modern Views of Human Nature = 83
Summary = 84
Questions for Consideration = 84
Notes = 84
America, Poverty, Two Paths: The American Experience II = 88
Three Discoveries of Poverty = 88
First Discovery = 89
The Fading of the First Discovery = 90
Second Discovery = 90
Third Discovery = 91
The War on Poverty = 94
Expectation and Delivery = 94
The ``Skirmish'' against Poverty = 96
Families, Children, and Poverty = 97
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (``Welfare'') = 98
An Old-New Path = 101
Social Security = 102
Contrasting Values and Aims = 103
The Poor Laws Today = 104
Human Nature and the American Dream = 105
Summary = 106
Questions for Consideration = 107
Notes = 107
Concepts for Social Welfare = 108
Overview = 108
What Is Social Welfare? = 109
Social Policy, Social Services, and Social Work = 111
Social Policy = 111
Social Services = 112
Social Work = 112
Ideology, Social Policy, and Government Intervention = 113
The Federal and Pluralist System = 119
The Economic Sphere = 120
Fiscal Policy = 121
Monetary Policy = 122
The Importance of Fiscal and Monetary Policy = 123
An International Economy = 125
A Second Welfare System-Corporate Welfare = 126
A Changed World-New/Old Ideology, New Policies, New Economic Forces, New Social Policy, and New Social Services = 127
A Changed Context = 129
Summary = 131
Questions for Consideration = 131
Notes = 131
Examining a Social Welfare Program: Structural Components, Alternative Program Characteristics, and Evaluation = 133
Overview = 133
Structural Components = 134
What Are the Needs and Goals to & Met? = 134
What Is the Form of Benefit That the Program Produces? = 135
Who is Eligible for the Program? = 135
How is the Program Financed? = 136
What is the Level of Administration? = 138
Alternative Program Characteristics = 139
Residual, Institutional, Developmental, or Socio-Economic Asset Development = 139
Selective or Universal = 142
Benefits in Money Services, or Utilities = 146
Public or Private = 147
Central or Local = 148
Lay or Professional = 150
Evaluating the Program = 151
Adequacy = 151
Financing = 151
Coherence = 154
Latent Consequences = 154
Summary = 155
Questions for Consideration = 155
Notes = 155
The Welfare Society and Its Clients = 157
Overview = 157
Who is a Client of Social Welfare? = 157
What is Poverty? = 159
Absolute Poverty = 159
Relative Comparison Poverty = 162
A Description of the Poor = 163
Income and Wealth Inequality = 168
The Effect of Some Government Programs = 171
The Near-Poor and Expectations = 173
Other Views of Poverty = 174
Relative Inequality = 174
Lack of Power, Access, and Inclusion = 175
The Underclass/Culture of Poverty Thesis = 176
Strategies for Fighting Poverty = 178
Social Utilities = 178
Investment in Human Capital = 178
Income Transfers = 179
Rehabilitation = 180
Aggregative and Selective Economic Measures = 181
Participation and Organization = 182
Ideology Revisited = 183
The Bush Administration = 184
Ideology Once Again = 186
Summary = 186
Questions for Consideration = 187
Notes = 187
Current Social Welfare Programs-Economic Security = 189
Overview = 189
Social Insurance Programs = 190
Social Security (OASDI) = 190
Unemployment Compensation = 201
Workers' Compensation = 207
Income Support Programs = 211
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families = 212
Supplemental Security Income = 217
General Assistance = 221
Named Income Tax Credit = 223
Socio-Economic Asset Development = 225
Summary = 228
Questions for Consideration = 228
Notes = 228
Social Welfare Programs: Sustaining the Quality of Life = 230
Overview = 230
Managed Care: A Radical Change = 231
Major Organizational Types = 231
Impact on Services and Practitioners = 232
Proponents = 232
Criticisms = 233
Research on Quality of Care = 233
Strategies to Achieve Profits = 234
Public Criticism and Legislation = 234
Health Care Programs = 236
Medicare = 236
Medicaid = 241
Nutrition Programs = 245
The Food Stamp Program = 246
Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children = 248
School Lunch and Breakfast Programs = 250
Low-Income Home Energy Assistance = 251
Housing = 252
Veterans' Benefits = 255
Employment Programs = 258
Personal Social Services = 259
Services to Families = 261
Services to Children = 262
Title XX = 269
Mental Health Services = 271
Corrections = 273
Summary = 276
Questions for Consideration = 276
Notes = 276
Nonprofit and Private Social Welfare = 278
Overview = 278
Early Patterns = 278
The Nonprofit Sector = 279
Types of Nonprofit Agencies = 280
The Proprietary Private For-Profit Organization = 281
Services of the Nonprofit and Private Sectors = 282
Getting and Spending = 283
Private and Nonprofit Agencies as Social Welfare Programs = 286
Who is Eligible for the Program? = 286
What is the Form of the Benefit? = 287
How Are the Programs Financed? = 287
What Are the Levels of Administration? = 289
A Point of View = 289
Leadership, Class, and Gender = 290
Private and Public Spheres = 291
Uses of Public Funds and Power = 291
Tax Laws and Policy = 293
Programmatic Links = 293
Accountability = 293
National Policy: Church and State = 294
Marketplace and the Nonmarket Domain = 296
Family and Friends = 297
Toward the Future = 297
Summary = 299
Questions for Consideration = 299
Notes = 299
Social Work: The Emergence of a Profession = 301
Overview = 301
The Workers of ``Good Works'' = 302
The Process of Professionalization = 307
A Brief History of Practice and Methods = 308
Development of the Professional Association = 313
Social Work with Groups = 314
Community Organization and Social Planning = 315
Toward a Unified Profession = 318
Summary = 319
Questions for Consideration = 319
Notes = 319
Social Work: Functions, Context, and Issues = 322
Overview = 322
The Purposes of Social Work = 322
The Professional within Complex Organizations = 324
Complex Organizations and Professional Culture = 324
Complex Organizations and Authority = 324
The Profession and Professional Autonomy = 325
Alternative Roles and Settings = 326
Society, the Functions of Social Work, and Services for People = 327
The ``Bottom Line'' = 327
The Two Tracks of Social Work: Cause and Function = 328
Generic-Specific Social Work = 332
Professionals and volunteers = 334
The Number of Social Workers = 335
Racism, Sexism, and a Pluralistic Society = 335
Summary = 337
Questions for Consideration = 337
Notes = 338
Social Trends Affecting Social Welfare = 340
Overview = 340
National Society = 340
Individual and Shared Goals = 341
Trends = 342
An International Economy = 342
Population Growth and Resources = 343
The United States: A Changing Population = 346
Productivity and the Service Economy = 348
Ethnicity and Pluralism = 350
Gender = 353
Gay Men and Lesbians = 354
The Place of Social Welfare in a Changing Context = 358
Summary = 359
Questions for Consideration = 360
Notes = 360
Alternative Programs to Meet Social Welfare Needs = 362
Overview = 362
Female Heads of Household, Children, and Poverty = 363
Mental Health Services for Children and Youth = 369
A Second Welfare System: Corporate and Taxpayer Welfare = 374
Persons with Disabilities = 378
Alternatives Facing the Practitioner = 384
Technology and Social Action = 385
Where We Are = 387
Two Scenarios = 389
Our Proposal = 390
Summary = 391
Questions for Consideration = 391
Notes = 391
Appendix = 395
Sources of Information = 395
Index 401
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