목차 일부
Introduction
Aiming High -- Falling Short? = 1
Ann Numhauser-henning
Introduction = 1
Is There Really Any Scope for Positive Action in Community Equality Law? = 4
The Motives for Pro...
목차 전체
Introduction
Aiming High -- Falling Short? = 1
Ann Numhauser-henning
Introduction = 1
Is There Really Any Scope for Positive Action in Community Equality Law? = 4
The Motives for Promoting Women in Academia -- Are They Compatible With Community Equality Law? = 10
Recruitment Targets for Women Professors -- How Do We Get from Here to There? = 14
Community Equality Law and Education and Research Policies in An Enlarged Europe -- What Will Be The Impact on Women in Academia? = 17
Denmark: Structural and Unconscious Gender Discrimination in Danish Universities = 23
Lynn Roseberry
Introduction = 23
The Danish University System = 23
Horizontal and Vertical Sex Segregation at Danish Universities = 24
The Possible Causes of Horizontal Segregation = 25
Vertical Segregation: Women's Vulnerability at Transition Points on The Academic Career Path at Danish Universities = 27
The Hiring Process = 30
Qualifications = 31
Assistant Professors = 32
Associate Professors = 32
Professors = 32
Potential for (direct Or Indirect) Gender Bias in The Hiring Process = 33
Sex Equality Policies in Academia = 34
The Application of Legal Prohibitions Against Sex Discrimination to Practices Contributing to Sex Inequality in Academia = 37
Sex Stereotypes in The Schools = 38
Work-family Conflicts and Gender Bias in The Hiring Process = 40
Conclusions: The Limiting Effects of The Ecj's Case Law on Positive Action = 42
France: Gender Equality in French Academia = 45
Anne-marie Daune-richard
Introduction = 45
Women in French Academia = 45
The French Academic System: a Two Sphere Organisation = 46
Vertical and Horizontal Gender Segregation in Academia = 46
Public Policies = 48
Outcomes? = 51
Proportion of Women among Academic Grades: Evolution 1998--2002 = 51
Proportion of Women in Academic Boards: Evolution = 52
A Focus on The Cnrs = 53
Conclusions = 55
Germany: New Governance for Higher Education Institutions, Prospects for Female University Careers and Equality Law = 57
Dagmar Schiek
Almut Kirschbaum
Introduction = 57
Basic Data on Women in Academia = 58
Public Policies and Motives As Regards Gender and Higher Education = 59
Legislation -- General Clauses in Favour of Equality = 60
Funding Programmes = 62
Positions in Higher Education and Appointment Procedures = 63
Professorial Positions and Career Paths to Become a Professor = 63
The System of Tenured Positions and Their Remuneration = 63
The Old System = 64
The New System = 64
Gender Assessment and Relevance of Change in Remuneration System = 65
Career Paths: How to Become a Professor in Germany? = 66
The Old System = 67
The New System = 68
Perspectives and Gender Assessment = 69
Appointment Regulations -- How to Jump The Hurdle = 70
Requirements to Become a Professor = 70
Selection and Nomination Procedures = 71
Gender Assessment of These Procedures = 71
Gender Equality Law and University Reform = 72
The Old Model: Dominance of Preferential Rules for Employment = 72
Substantive Preferential Rules = 72
Procedural Rules = 73
Strict Women's Quotas = 74
Funding for Specific Positions Or Grants for Women = 74
Assessment = 77
New Perspective: Embracing The Budgetary Perspective and Beyond = 77
Increasing Financial Autonomy of Universities and Gender Equality Policies = 78
Scrutinising The Assessments for Gender Equality = 79
Increasing The Use of Budgetary Instruments in Favour of Non-discriminatory Policies = 80
Hungary: Easy to Accede, Hard to Succeed -- The Ambivalent Case of Academic Career for Women in The Post-socialist Hungary = 83
Csilla Kollonay Lehoczky
Introduction = 83
The Legacy of The Ambivalent Socialist `emancipation' = 85
Access to Tertiary Education = 86
Access to Academic Career = 88
The Transition Period in Higher Education: Permanent Restructuring -- Lack of Stability = 90
Immediate, Politically Necessitated Changes = 90
Differentiation and Integration of The Organisation of Higher Education = 91
Budget Restrictions = 91
The Turn of The Century: The Bologna Process and European Accession = 92
Prevailing Indifference in The Transition Period = 94
The Causes of The Indifference = 94
Slow and Dubious Progress in Awareness = 95
Facts and Figures about Access and Success = 97
Superior Enrolment Figures of Women in Higher Education in The Post-socialist Period = 97
Teaching Faculty: Numerical Advancement in Employment -- Traditional Barriers in Scientific Success = 99
Reasons for Existing Inequalities = 101
Individual Reasons = 101
Family Roles = 101
Bias and Gender Stereotypes = 102
Lack of Equal Networking Power = 104
Institutional Reasons -- Deteriorating Conditions = 105
Pay Systems = 105
Drain-away, Part-time and Secondary Income = 107
Changed Financing System -- Non-core Activities = 108
Summary = 108
Merging The Visions of Woman and Scholar = 109
Protecting Academia by Treating It As a `male' Area = 110
True Attention and Consistency -- at All Levels of Governance = 110
Italy: `playing With Fire': Equality, Fairness and The Paradox of a Gender Blind Society = 113
Elena Urso
The Italian Context: Social Developments Outside The Normative Dimension = 113
Gender Segregation = 115
The Need for An Ad Hoc Critical Survey = 116
Gender Mainstreaming Policies: a Brief Digression on The Role of Politics = 118
The Contents of Some Current Proposals in Equality Law: a Critical Overview = 119
A Quick Glance at The Recruitment System: Form Vs. Substance = 123
The Normative Developments Within The Social Dimension = 125
From Exceptions and Privileges Towards Openness and Fairness = 126
The Inter-relationships between Legal Solutions: The State and European Levels = 129
Women in Academia and The Italian Debate: a Focus on The Last Decades = 133
The `glass Ceiling' of The Cathedral: a Crystal Rock Cusp Or a Transparent Plastic Roof? = 137
Positive Actions: Their Eventual Scope and Limits = 138
Inter-relationships between Legal Solutions: The State and European Levels = 140
Comparative Conclusions = 142
The Netherlands: Women in Academia in The Netherlands -- Bridging The Gap? = 147
Susanne Burri
Introduction = 147
Under-representation of Women in Academia = 148
Why Such Under-representation of Women at Dutch Universities? = 150
Public Policies and Legislation = 152
Equal Opportunities Policies = 152
Legislation and Collective Agreements = 154
The Aspasia Programme = 155
Recent Public Policies and Initiatives at The National Level = 158
Specific Recent Initiatives at Universities = 160
Possibilities for Positive Action Under Ec Sex Equality Law = 161
Gender Mainstreaming = 166
Gender Mainstreaming of Public Policies at The National Level = 166
`bridging The Gender Gap at Universities' = 167
Assessment and Concluding Remarks = 168
Sweden: Recruitment Targets for Women Professors -- Mission Impossible? = 171
Ann Numhauser-henning
General Background: Public Policies and Motives to Promote Sex Equality in Higher Education and Research = 171
Public Policies and Motives = 171
Statistics = 176
System of Positions and Appointments in Higher Education = 177
Equal Opportunities and Positive Action Legislation in The Area of Higher Education = 180
Positive Action in Practice = 187
How Do We Get from Here to There? Discussion = 190
To What Extent Is There Really a Scope for Positive Action in Community Equality Law? = 190
The Motives for Promoting Women in Academia -- Are They Compatible With Community Equality Law? = 192
Recruitment Targets for Women Professors -- How Do We Get from Here to There? = 196
United Kingdom: Progress, Problems and Opportunities = 199
Christopher Mccrudden
Introduction = 199
Some Preliminary Points = 199
Current Position of Women in Academic Positions and Changes over Time = 200
More Detailed Information on Particular Academic Specialities: Economics = 202
Explaining The Differences? = 203
Addressing The Issues = 205
Sex Discrimination and Equal Pay Legislation = 205
Positive Approaches Based on Voluntary Compliance = 208
Adopting An `equal Opportunities' Approach = 209
Developments in The New Century = 210
Recent Research on Equality in Higher Education = 213
Law and Regulation Revisited: The Role of Positive Duties = 215
Appendix = 217
Treaty Establishing The European Community (consolidated Text) = 218
Council Directive 76/207/eec of 9 February 1976 on The Implementation of The Principle of Equal Treatment for Men and Women As Regards Access to Employment, Vocational Training and Promotion, and Working Conditions = 220
Directive 2002/73/ec of The European Parliament and of The Council of 23 September 2002 Amending Council Directive 76/207/eec on The Implementation of The Principle of Equal Treatment for Men and Women As Regards Access to Employment, Vocational Training and Promotion, and Working Conditions = 221
Judgment of The Court of 17 October 1995. Eckhard Kalanke V. Freie Hansestadt Bremen = 223
Judgment of The Court of 11 November 1997. Hellmut Marschall V. Land Nordrhein-westfalen = 230
Judgment of The Court of 28 March 2000. George Badeck and Others, Interveners: Hessische Ministerprasident and Landesanwalt Beim Staatsgerichtshof Des Landes Hessen = 238
Judgment of The Court (fifth Chamber) of 6 July 2000. Katarina Abrahamsson and Leif Anderson V. Elisabet Fogelqvist = 257
Judgment of The Court (sixth Chamber) of 7 December 2000. Julia Schnorbus V. Land Hessen = 275
Judgment of The Court of 19 March 2002. H. Lommers V. Minister Van Landbouw, Natuurbeheer En Visserij = 288
Judgment of The Court (second Chamber) of 30 September 2004. Serge Briheche V. Ministre De L'interieur, Ministre De L'education Nationale and Ministre De La Justice = 300
Judgment of The Efta Court of 24 January 2003, in Case E-1/02 = 307
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