목차 일부
Part I Introduction
1 The Emergence of Gender in Criminology = 1
Invisibility of Women and Girls in Crime = 2
Women and Girls As Offenders = 3
Women and Girls As Victims = 5
Women As Pr...
목차 전체
Part I Introduction
1 The Emergence of Gender in Criminology = 1
Invisibility of Women and Girls in Crime = 2
Women and Girls As Offenders = 3
Women and Girls As Victims = 5
Women As Professionals in The Crime-processing System = 6
Blurring of Boundaries of Women's Experiences in Crime = 7
Sex Versus Gender = 8
What Is Feminism? = 11
What Is Feminist Method? = 16
Effect of Societal Images on Women in Crime = 18
Diversity among Women = 22
Summary = 23
References = 24
Part Ii Female Offending
2 Critiquing Criminological Theories = 31
The Traditional Positivist Studies = 32
The Atavistic Female Offender = 33
The Unadjusted Girl = 34
Anatomy As Destiny = 35
Behind The Mask = 36
Legacy of The Positivist Theorists = 36
Strain and Subcultural Theories = 37
Strain Theory = 38
Delinquency and Opportunity = 38
General Strain Theory (gst) = 39
Tests of (traditional) Strain and General Strain 7heories = 41
Differential Association Theory (dat) = 42
Labeling Theory = 44
Social Control Theory (sct) = 46
Social Bond Theory = 46
Research on Social Control Theory = 48
Power Control Theory (pct) = 50
Marxist, Radical, and Critical Theories = 53
Women's Liberation/emancipation Hypothesis (wleh) = 56
Biosocial and Evolutionary Psychological Theories = 57
Feminist and Pro-feminist Theories = 63
Critical Race Feminism = 63
Messerschmidt's Masculinities and Crime 'theories = 64
Cycle of Violence Theory = 66
Life Course "theory (lct) = 67
Feminist Pathways Research = 70
Summary = 79
References = 81
3 The Frequency and Nature of Female Offending = 95
Measuring Crime and Making Gender Comparisons = 98
The Importance of How Crime Rates Are Measured and The Roles of Gender, Age, Race, Class, and Sexuality = 104
Age and Juvenile Delinquency = 105
Race/ethnicity = 106
Class/socioeconomic Status = 107
Sexuality = 108
The Frequency and Context of Women's and Girls' Offending for Specific Crimes = 110
Girl and Women Gangs = 110
Theft = 114
Robbery and Burglary = 115
White-collar Crime = 116
Drug Use and Selling = 117
General Aggression = 126
Nonlethal and Lethal Child Abuse = 127
Homicide = 132
Summary = 134
References = 135
4 Processing Women and Girls in The System = 143
Criminal Laws and Sex Discrimination = 144
Sentencing Laws and Sex Discrimination = 147
Three Hypotheses of Sex Discrimination in Crime Processing = 149
Chivalry and Paternalism = 150
Empirical Findings on Gender Differences in Crime Processing = 151
Access to Chivalry: Discrimination among Women = 152
Reforms in The Processing Of-juveniles = 154
The Presence of Gender Bias in Different Stages of Processing = 158
Gender Differences in Crime Processing Based on The Type of Offense = 164
Gender Stereotypes and Crime Processing = 166
Summary = 169
References = 170
5 Incarcerating, Punishing, and "treating" Offending Women and Girls = 177
The History of Institutionalizing Female Offenders = 180
Punishment = 180
Reform = 182
Sex-segregated Custodial Prisons = 186
Racist Segregation and Treatment in Girls' and Women's Institutions = 187
Women's Prisons in The 1960's, 1970's, and 1980's = 188
The Women's Prison Regime = 189
Rates of Imprisonment and a Portrayal of Incarcerated Girls and Women = 191
Girls' "correctional" Institutions = 196
Psychological Aspects of Women's Imprisonment = 198
Parenthood: a Gender Difference among Prisoners = 200
Educational, Vocational, and Recreational Programs = 205
Health Care Services = 208
Hiv/aids = 209
Prenatal, Pregnancy, and Postpartum Health Care = 210
Mental Health Problems and Care = 211
Incarcerated Women and Girls With Disabilities = 213
The Prison Subculture = 214
Sexual Abuse of Women Prisoners = 220
Co-corrections = 221
Women and The Death Penalty = 224
Summary = 225
References = 226
Part Iii Female Victims of Male Violence
6 The Image of The Female Victim = 237
The Link between Actual Victimizations and The Fear of Crime = 240
Effect of Culture on Gender Roles = 243
Gender Disparities in Power = 245
Threats of Violence = 247
Victim Blaming = 248
The Victimization of Women and Girls of Color = 251
The Victimization of Immigrant Women and Girls = 254
The Victimization of Women and Girls With Disabilities = 256
Summary = 258
References = 259
7 Sexual Victimization = 266
Defining Sexual Victimization = 266
Historical Issues in Defining Sexual Victimization = 268
Statistics on Sexual Victimization = 269
Who Are The Victims? = 273
Who Are The Offenders? = 273
The Victim?offender Relationship = 275
What Causes Sexual Abuse? = 276
Rape Myths = 276
The Role of Rape Myths and Other Causes of Sexual Victimization = 279
Child Sexual Victimization (csa) = 281
Date Rape = 285
Marital Rape = 291
Sexual Harassment = 294
Sexual Victimization and The Criminal Legal System = 298
The Police = 299
The Court Process, Or Whose Trial Is It Anyway? = 303
Summary = 308
Notes = 310
References = 310
8 Intimate Partner Abuse and Stalking = 319
Defining Intimate Partner Abuse and Stalking = 319
Intimate Partner Abuse (ipa) = 319
Stalking = 322
The Historical Identification of Ipa and Stalking As Social Problems = 323
The Frequency of Ipa and Stalking = 325
Walker's Cycle Theory of Violence = 329
Why Do (some) Men (and Women) Abuse and Stalk? = 330
Who Are The Abusers and Stalkers? = 332
Inhibitors to Leaving An Abusive Relationship = 335
Economic Restrictions = 337
Sociological Restrictions = 338
Psychological Restrictions = 340
The Constant Threat of Danger = 342
Ipa and Stalking and The Criminal Legal System = 343
The Police = 344
The Courts = 350
When Women Kill Abusive Partners in Self-defense = 354
Ipa and Health Professionals = 358
Summary = 359
Notes = 360
References = 360
Part Iv Women Working in The Criminal Legal System
9 Women Working in Prisons and Jails = 375
A Brief History on Sex Discrimination in Women's Work Outside The Home = 376
Rates of Women Working in Prisons and Jails = 378
Comparing Racial and Gender Workplace Discrimination = 378
The Matron Role: Women's Breaking Into Criminal Legal System Jobs Through Sexist Stereotypical Positions = 381
The Powerful Role of Legislative and Court Rulings on Women's Work in The Criminal Legal System = 384
Post Title Vii: Women As Tokens in The History of Women's Entry Into Working As Prison and Jail Guards = 388
Prisoner Privacy and Prison Safety: Roadblocks for Women Guards in Male Prisons = 390
Gender Similarities and Differences in The Job Performances of Prison Workers = 393
Classifications of Women Prison Workers = 395
Resistance to Woman Workers = 396
Summary = 400
References = 400
10 Women Working in Policing and Law Enforcement = 407
The History of Women in Policing = 407
Rates of Women in Policing = 413
Why Do Women Want to Be Police Officers? = 417
Gender Differences in Job Performance = 418
Classifications of Women Police Officers = 420
Resistance to Women Police Officers = 423
Struggles for The Fiat Women on Patrol = 423
Evaluations of Women Police by Their Supervisors, Their Supervisors, and Citizens = 424
Gender and Stress = 425
The Intersection of Racism and Sexual Identity With Sexism for Women Police = 427
Some Steps Forward for Women, Some Steps Back = 429
Summary = 430
References = 431
11 Women Working in The Courts = 437
The History of Women on Juries = 438
The History of Women's Access to Legal Education and Training = 441
Women Attorneys = 445
The Number of Women Attorneys = 445
Classifications of Women Attorneys = 446
The Experiences of Women Attorneys = 447
The Gendered Implications of Marital and Family Status for Lawyers = 448
Managing Sexist Images = 449
The Gendered Placement of Lawyers = 450
Treatment by Male Coworkers and Supervisors = 451
The Gendered Nature of Income, "making Partner," and Other Rewards for Lawyers = 453
The Gendered Nature of Sanctions Against Lawyers = 456
Women Judges = 456
Women's Entry Into Judgeships = 456
Characteristics of Women Judges and Their Experiences As Judges = 458
Looking for Gender Differences in Judges' Decision Making = 460
Women Law Professors = 462
Summary = 463
References = 464
Part V Conclusions
12 Effecting Change = 468
New Theories = 468
Changing The Treatment of Female Offenders = 469
Changing Responses to Male Violence Against Women = 475
Sexual Victimization = 475
Intimate Partner Abuse = 479
Changes for Women Working in The Criminal Legal System = 484
Summary = 486
References = 487
Name Index = 497
Subject Index = 501
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