I. Introduction = 1
II. Review of existing fact-finding studies and research = 7
1. Classifications and contents of existing research on human rights violations = 7
2. Policy proposals or means analysis in existing research = 17
3. Characteristics and tasks of existing fact-finding studies = 23
III. Contents and methods of research = 29
1. Contents and scope of this study = 29
2. Methods and conduct of the research = 31
IV. The human rights situation of women in North Korea = 47
1. Societal change and the human rights environment in North Korea in the 1990s = 47
2. The structure of human rights violations against North Korean women = 48
3. Case analysis of North Korean women¡¯s human rights situation = 61
V. The human rights situation of North Korean refugee women in China and other third countries _Women moving across state borders = 71
1. The North Korean- Chinese border and North Korean refugee women = 71
2. Life without citizenship = 77
3. Denial of identity in everyday life and deprivation of human rights = 92
4. Gender and trauma = 100
5. Policy implications = 107
VI. The human rights situation of North Korean refugee women in South Korea _ ¡®Making citizens¡¯ and living as minority women = 110
1. North Korean refugee women and South Korean society = 111
2. The human rights situation in the process of ¡®making citizens¡¯ = 129
3. Discrimination and exclusion in everyday life: ¡®Here it¡¯s not much different from there¡¯ = 145
4. Policy implications = 166
VII. Conclusion: Patterns of human rights violations against North Korean refugee women and policy implications = 170
1. Violations of North Korean refugee women¡¯s human rights according to space = 170
2. Policy implications for the improvement of North Korean refugee women¡¯s human rights situation = 173
Bibliography = 178
II. Review of existing fact-finding studies and research = 7
1. Classifications and contents of existing research on human rights violations = 7
2. Policy proposals or means analysis in existing research = 17
3. Characteristics and tasks of existing fact-finding studies = 23
III. Contents and methods of research = 29
1. Contents and scope of this study = 29
2. Methods and conduct of the research = 31
IV. The human rights situation of women in North Korea = 47
1. Societal change and the human rights environment in North Korea in the 1990s = 47
2. The structure of human rights violations against North Korean women = 48
3. Case analysis of North Korean women¡¯s human rights situation = 61
V. The human rights situation of North Korean refugee women in China and other third countries _Women moving across state borders = 71
1. The North Korean- Chinese border and North Korean refugee women = 71
2. Life without citizenship = 77
3. Denial of identity in everyday life and deprivation of human rights = 92
4. Gender and trauma = 100
5. Policy implications = 107
VI. The human rights situation of North Korean refugee women in South Korea _ ¡®Making citizens¡¯ and living as minority women = 110
1. North Korean refugee women and South Korean society = 111
2. The human rights situation in the process of ¡®making citizens¡¯ = 129
3. Discrimination and exclusion in everyday life: ¡®Here it¡¯s not much different from there¡¯ = 145
4. Policy implications = 166
VII. Conclusion: Patterns of human rights violations against North Korean refugee women and policy implications = 170
1. Violations of North Korean refugee women¡¯s human rights according to space = 170
2. Policy implications for the improvement of North Korean refugee women¡¯s human rights situation = 173
Bibliography = 178