Preface Xv
Acknowledgments Xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction: Policing in a Diverse Society = 3
Learning Objectives = 3
Why Should Criminal Justice Students Study Diversity? = 3
Cross Cultural Era = 4
Ethnic Renewal = 4
World Events = 5
Hate Crimes = 5
Job Performance and Safety = 6
Diversity Terms = 6
Summary = 9
Key Concepts = 10
Questions for Discussion = 10
Suggested Reading = 10
Chapter 2 Community Policing: An Old Philosophy That Haunts Us = 13
Learning Objectives = 13
Community Policing Vs. Police Community Relations = 13
Evolution of American Policing = 14
Strategies = 16
Communication = 17
Discretionary Power = 18
Changing Composition of Police Organizations = 19
Women in Policing = 22
African Americans in Policing = 24
Summary = 25
Key Concepts = 27
Questions for Discussion = 28
Suggested Reading = 28
Chapter 3 Native Americans and Policing = 29
Learning Objectives = 29
Historical Perspective = 29
Decline of Native Americans = 30
Enslavement = 30
Separation = 30
Wars = 31
Discrimination = 32
Limited Food Supply = 33
Introduction of Alcohol = 33
Contemporary Issues = 34
Demographics = 34
Education = 35
Reservations = 35
Assimilation = 36
Worldview = 37
Enrollment and Cdib = 38
Social and Political Actions = 39
Law Enforcement and Native Americans = 39
Tribal Law Enforcement = 40
Native Americans and Crime = 41
Stereotypes = 41
Behaviors That Can Cause Stereotypes = 42
Summary = 43
Key Concepts = 43
Questions for Discussion = 43
Suggested Reading = 44
Chapter 4 Arab Americans and Policing = 45
Learning Objectives = 45
Introduction = 45
What Is Terrorism? = 46
Types of Terrorism = 49
Historical Perspective = 49
Islamic Faith = 51
Self-perceptions = 53
Arab American Rules of Etiquette = 53
Arab American Gestures = 54
Physical Contact = 54
Arab Americans and Discrimination = 55
Arab Americans As Victims of Crimes = 56
Arab American Stereotypes = 57
Law Enforcement Interactions With Arab Americans = 57
Weapons and Terrorism = 58
Law Enforcement and Terrorism = 59
Taboos = 61
Civil Rights Issues = 62
War With Iraq = 63
Summary = 64
Key Concepts = 65
Questions for Discussion = 65
Suggested Reading = 66
Chapter 5 Policing The Elderly: a Forgotten Population = 67
Learning Objectives = 67
Historical Perspective = 67
Factors Affecting The Elderly = 68
Baby Boomers = 68
Immigration = 69
The Changing Role of The Elderly = 69
Life Expectancy = 69
Non-traditional Roles = 70
Changing Laws = 70
Legislation Affecting The Elderly = 71
Euthanasia = 71
Living Wills = 72
Health Care = 72
Political Activities = 73
Stereotypes = 73
Police and The Elderly = 74
Clients of The System = 74
Community Residents = 75
Victims = 76
Summary = 77
Key Concepts = 77
Questions for Discussion = 77
Suggested Readings = 78
Chapter 6 Policing African Americans = 79
Learning Objectives = 79
Historical Perspective = 79
Use of The Legal System = 80
Search for Freedom = 81
Reconstruction = 82
Legal Discrimination = 83
African American Family = 83
Matriarchal Design = 84
Extended Family = 84
Disclosure Patterns = 85
The Church = 86
Stereotypes = 87
Law Enforcement = 88
The Social Context of Police/community Relations = 89
Issues of Racial Identity = 90
Civilian Review Boards = 91
Specific Interactions = 91
Summary = 91
Key Concepts = 92
Questions for Discussion = 92
Suggested Readings = 93
Chapter 7 Hate Crimes and Terrorist Activity = 95
Learning Objectives = 95
Historical Perspective = 95
Ku Klux Klan (kkk) = 96
The Aryan Nations (a.k.a. Church of Esus Anist Christian) = 97
Skinheads = 98
Black Power Separatists = 99
Nation of Islam = 99
Black Panther Party = 101
Militia Groups = 101
Ruby Ridge Situation = 102
Waco Inciden = 102
Freeman Standoff = 102
Law Enforcement Encounters With Hate and Terrorists Groups = 102
Domestic Terrorism = 103
The World Trade Center (1993) = 105
Oklahoma City Bombing = 105
9/11 = 105
Summary = 106
Key Concepts = 106
Questions for Discussion = 106
Suggested Reading = 107
Chapter 8 Hispanics and Policing = 109
Learning Objectives = 109
Historical Perspective = 109
In-between Minority = 110
Hispanic Hierarchy = 110
Cubans = 111
Mexicans = 111
Puerto Ricans = 112
Central and South Americans = 112
Family Values = 112
Political Involvement = 113
Spanish Vs. English = 115
Stereotypes = 115
Police and Hispanic Interactions = 116
Summary = 117
Key Concepts = 117
Questions for Discussion = 117
Suggested Reading = 118
Chapter 9 Gays and Lesbians and Police Encounters = 119
Learning Objectives = 119
Historical Perspective = 119
Definition of Terms = 120
Coming Out = 121
Matrimony = 122
Children of Gay and Lesbian Couples = 123
Stereotypes = 124
Gays and Lesbians and Police Encounters = 125
Stonewall Riots = 126
Gay Liberation Movement = 126
Military = 127
Summary = 127
Key Concepts = 128
Questions for Discussion = 128
Suggested Reading = 128
Chapter 10 Policing Asian Americans = 131
Learning Objectives = 131
Historical Perspective = 131
Executive Order 9066 = 137
Family Values = 138
Stereotypes = 139
Asian Americans and Law Enforcement = 140
Summary = 141
Key Concepts = 142
Questions for Discussion = 142
Suggested Reading = 142
Chapter 11 Policing Adolescent Street Gangs = 143
Learning Objectives = 143
Historical Perspective = 143
Why Do Children Join Gangs? = 144
Gang Communication Methods = 145
Graffiti (hit-up Or Tag) = 145
Flashing (a.k.a. Tossin'-it-up Or Rollin) = 145
Gear (clothing) = 145
Body Markings = 146
Stereotypes = 146
Law Enforcement Preventive Measures = 147
Gaining Control of The Community = 147
Assessment Phase = 147
Recruitment Phase = 148
Bangin' Phase I (activity Phase) = 148
Bangin' Phase Ii = 149
Law Enforcement Interactions With Gang Members = 149
Summary = 150
Key Concepts = 150
Questions for Discussion = 151
Suggested Reading = 151
Chapter 12 Future Trends in Policing and Implications = 153
Learning Objectives = 153
Crime Bill = 153
More Law Enforcement Officers = 154
Three Strikes = 154
Hate Crimes = 154
Death Penalty = 155
Increased Gang Penalties = 155
Violence Against Women = 155
Other Categories = 155
Affirmative Action = 157
Toward Improving Police-minority Relationships = 159
Summary = 162
Key Concepts = 162
Questions for Discussion = 162
Suggested Reading = 163
References = 165
Index 179
Acknowledgments Xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction: Policing in a Diverse Society = 3
Learning Objectives = 3
Why Should Criminal Justice Students Study Diversity? = 3
Cross Cultural Era = 4
Ethnic Renewal = 4
World Events = 5
Hate Crimes = 5
Job Performance and Safety = 6
Diversity Terms = 6
Summary = 9
Key Concepts = 10
Questions for Discussion = 10
Suggested Reading = 10
Chapter 2 Community Policing: An Old Philosophy That Haunts Us = 13
Learning Objectives = 13
Community Policing Vs. Police Community Relations = 13
Evolution of American Policing = 14
Strategies = 16
Communication = 17
Discretionary Power = 18
Changing Composition of Police Organizations = 19
Women in Policing = 22
African Americans in Policing = 24
Summary = 25
Key Concepts = 27
Questions for Discussion = 28
Suggested Reading = 28
Chapter 3 Native Americans and Policing = 29
Learning Objectives = 29
Historical Perspective = 29
Decline of Native Americans = 30
Enslavement = 30
Separation = 30
Wars = 31
Discrimination = 32
Limited Food Supply = 33
Introduction of Alcohol = 33
Contemporary Issues = 34
Demographics = 34
Education = 35
Reservations = 35
Assimilation = 36
Worldview = 37
Enrollment and Cdib = 38
Social and Political Actions = 39
Law Enforcement and Native Americans = 39
Tribal Law Enforcement = 40
Native Americans and Crime = 41
Stereotypes = 41
Behaviors That Can Cause Stereotypes = 42
Summary = 43
Key Concepts = 43
Questions for Discussion = 43
Suggested Reading = 44
Chapter 4 Arab Americans and Policing = 45
Learning Objectives = 45
Introduction = 45
What Is Terrorism? = 46
Types of Terrorism = 49
Historical Perspective = 49
Islamic Faith = 51
Self-perceptions = 53
Arab American Rules of Etiquette = 53
Arab American Gestures = 54
Physical Contact = 54
Arab Americans and Discrimination = 55
Arab Americans As Victims of Crimes = 56
Arab American Stereotypes = 57
Law Enforcement Interactions With Arab Americans = 57
Weapons and Terrorism = 58
Law Enforcement and Terrorism = 59
Taboos = 61
Civil Rights Issues = 62
War With Iraq = 63
Summary = 64
Key Concepts = 65
Questions for Discussion = 65
Suggested Reading = 66
Chapter 5 Policing The Elderly: a Forgotten Population = 67
Learning Objectives = 67
Historical Perspective = 67
Factors Affecting The Elderly = 68
Baby Boomers = 68
Immigration = 69
The Changing Role of The Elderly = 69
Life Expectancy = 69
Non-traditional Roles = 70
Changing Laws = 70
Legislation Affecting The Elderly = 71
Euthanasia = 71
Living Wills = 72
Health Care = 72
Political Activities = 73
Stereotypes = 73
Police and The Elderly = 74
Clients of The System = 74
Community Residents = 75
Victims = 76
Summary = 77
Key Concepts = 77
Questions for Discussion = 77
Suggested Readings = 78
Chapter 6 Policing African Americans = 79
Learning Objectives = 79
Historical Perspective = 79
Use of The Legal System = 80
Search for Freedom = 81
Reconstruction = 82
Legal Discrimination = 83
African American Family = 83
Matriarchal Design = 84
Extended Family = 84
Disclosure Patterns = 85
The Church = 86
Stereotypes = 87
Law Enforcement = 88
The Social Context of Police/community Relations = 89
Issues of Racial Identity = 90
Civilian Review Boards = 91
Specific Interactions = 91
Summary = 91
Key Concepts = 92
Questions for Discussion = 92
Suggested Readings = 93
Chapter 7 Hate Crimes and Terrorist Activity = 95
Learning Objectives = 95
Historical Perspective = 95
Ku Klux Klan (kkk) = 96
The Aryan Nations (a.k.a. Church of Esus Anist Christian) = 97
Skinheads = 98
Black Power Separatists = 99
Nation of Islam = 99
Black Panther Party = 101
Militia Groups = 101
Ruby Ridge Situation = 102
Waco Inciden = 102
Freeman Standoff = 102
Law Enforcement Encounters With Hate and Terrorists Groups = 102
Domestic Terrorism = 103
The World Trade Center (1993) = 105
Oklahoma City Bombing = 105
9/11 = 105
Summary = 106
Key Concepts = 106
Questions for Discussion = 106
Suggested Reading = 107
Chapter 8 Hispanics and Policing = 109
Learning Objectives = 109
Historical Perspective = 109
In-between Minority = 110
Hispanic Hierarchy = 110
Cubans = 111
Mexicans = 111
Puerto Ricans = 112
Central and South Americans = 112
Family Values = 112
Political Involvement = 113
Spanish Vs. English = 115
Stereotypes = 115
Police and Hispanic Interactions = 116
Summary = 117
Key Concepts = 117
Questions for Discussion = 117
Suggested Reading = 118
Chapter 9 Gays and Lesbians and Police Encounters = 119
Learning Objectives = 119
Historical Perspective = 119
Definition of Terms = 120
Coming Out = 121
Matrimony = 122
Children of Gay and Lesbian Couples = 123
Stereotypes = 124
Gays and Lesbians and Police Encounters = 125
Stonewall Riots = 126
Gay Liberation Movement = 126
Military = 127
Summary = 127
Key Concepts = 128
Questions for Discussion = 128
Suggested Reading = 128
Chapter 10 Policing Asian Americans = 131
Learning Objectives = 131
Historical Perspective = 131
Executive Order 9066 = 137
Family Values = 138
Stereotypes = 139
Asian Americans and Law Enforcement = 140
Summary = 141
Key Concepts = 142
Questions for Discussion = 142
Suggested Reading = 142
Chapter 11 Policing Adolescent Street Gangs = 143
Learning Objectives = 143
Historical Perspective = 143
Why Do Children Join Gangs? = 144
Gang Communication Methods = 145
Graffiti (hit-up Or Tag) = 145
Flashing (a.k.a. Tossin'-it-up Or Rollin) = 145
Gear (clothing) = 145
Body Markings = 146
Stereotypes = 146
Law Enforcement Preventive Measures = 147
Gaining Control of The Community = 147
Assessment Phase = 147
Recruitment Phase = 148
Bangin' Phase I (activity Phase) = 148
Bangin' Phase Ii = 149
Law Enforcement Interactions With Gang Members = 149
Summary = 150
Key Concepts = 150
Questions for Discussion = 151
Suggested Reading = 151
Chapter 12 Future Trends in Policing and Implications = 153
Learning Objectives = 153
Crime Bill = 153
More Law Enforcement Officers = 154
Three Strikes = 154
Hate Crimes = 154
Death Penalty = 155
Increased Gang Penalties = 155
Violence Against Women = 155
Other Categories = 155
Affirmative Action = 157
Toward Improving Police-minority Relationships = 159
Summary = 162
Key Concepts = 162
Questions for Discussion = 162
Suggested Reading = 163
References = 165
Index 179