1. Establishing a Culture of Resistance: Theoretical Perspectives = 1
African Resistance = 2
Theoretical Perspectives = 6
Varied Literature on The Dynamics of Resistance = 11
A Model of Resistance = 28
Explanation, Uncertainty, Prediction and Causation = 31
Implications = 35
2. Repression and Resistance in Kenya: Historical Perspectives = 37
The Giriama: Coastal Resistance With Echoes in The 1990's = 39
The Path to Mau Mau = 42
Mau Mau Resistance = 45
A Repressive Colonial Legacy = 56
Inheriting and Using Repressive Colonial Laws and Practices = 58
Early Resistance to Kenya's Second President = 62
3. Knocking at The Door: Individual Activism = 67
Individual Activism: Defying The Odds = 69
Characteristics of Individual Activists = 74
Unpredictability of Individual Activism: The Role of Minor Actors = 76
What Individual Activists Did = 77
Motivational Issues = 81
Tactics of Individual Activists = 87
Institutional Learning: a Chess Game of Tactics = 90
Implications of Individual Resistance = 93
4. Opening The Door: Organizational Activism = 97
Organizational Activism Builds on Individual Activism = 98
Comparing Individual and Organizational Activism = 100
Motivational Issues = 104
Identifying Organizational Activists = 105
Institutionalization of Resistance = 108
Resistance by Nongovernmental Organizations = 114
Accumulating Resistance = 119
Resistance: Peaks and Valleys = 121
Donors' Mixed Signals on Human Rights and Democracy = 124
Implications of Organizational Activism = 129
5. Entering The Bastille (peacefully): from Resistance to Elected Power = 133
Overcoming Barriers = 135
Synergy in The Resistance Movement = 137
Cycles of Resistance, Repression, and Reform = 140
Further Growth of a Culture of Resistance = 142
Resistance Becomes Normal = 145
Implications of a Culture of Resistance = 147
6. Mass Public Support: a Key Element in a Culture of Resistance = 149
Constraints That Did Not Constrain = 152
Mass Support for Activism: Theoretical Perspectives = 159
Laying The Groundwork for Mass Participation = 161
Different Kinds of Mass Support for Resistance = 165
Human Rights Watchdogs Become The Watched in a New Regime = 173
Implications of Public Support for a Resistance Movement = 174
7. Conclusion = 177
Study Questions Answered = 179
Political Synergy Achieved = 182
Contribution to Social Movement Literature = 182
Contribution to Democratic Transition Literature = 186
Beyond Kenya = 187
Summary of Findings and Implications for Future Research = 189
African Resistance = 2
Theoretical Perspectives = 6
Varied Literature on The Dynamics of Resistance = 11
A Model of Resistance = 28
Explanation, Uncertainty, Prediction and Causation = 31
Implications = 35
2. Repression and Resistance in Kenya: Historical Perspectives = 37
The Giriama: Coastal Resistance With Echoes in The 1990's = 39
The Path to Mau Mau = 42
Mau Mau Resistance = 45
A Repressive Colonial Legacy = 56
Inheriting and Using Repressive Colonial Laws and Practices = 58
Early Resistance to Kenya's Second President = 62
3. Knocking at The Door: Individual Activism = 67
Individual Activism: Defying The Odds = 69
Characteristics of Individual Activists = 74
Unpredictability of Individual Activism: The Role of Minor Actors = 76
What Individual Activists Did = 77
Motivational Issues = 81
Tactics of Individual Activists = 87
Institutional Learning: a Chess Game of Tactics = 90
Implications of Individual Resistance = 93
4. Opening The Door: Organizational Activism = 97
Organizational Activism Builds on Individual Activism = 98
Comparing Individual and Organizational Activism = 100
Motivational Issues = 104
Identifying Organizational Activists = 105
Institutionalization of Resistance = 108
Resistance by Nongovernmental Organizations = 114
Accumulating Resistance = 119
Resistance: Peaks and Valleys = 121
Donors' Mixed Signals on Human Rights and Democracy = 124
Implications of Organizational Activism = 129
5. Entering The Bastille (peacefully): from Resistance to Elected Power = 133
Overcoming Barriers = 135
Synergy in The Resistance Movement = 137
Cycles of Resistance, Repression, and Reform = 140
Further Growth of a Culture of Resistance = 142
Resistance Becomes Normal = 145
Implications of a Culture of Resistance = 147
6. Mass Public Support: a Key Element in a Culture of Resistance = 149
Constraints That Did Not Constrain = 152
Mass Support for Activism: Theoretical Perspectives = 159
Laying The Groundwork for Mass Participation = 161
Different Kinds of Mass Support for Resistance = 165
Human Rights Watchdogs Become The Watched in a New Regime = 173
Implications of Public Support for a Resistance Movement = 174
7. Conclusion = 177
Study Questions Answered = 179
Political Synergy Achieved = 182
Contribution to Social Movement Literature = 182
Contribution to Democratic Transition Literature = 186
Beyond Kenya = 187
Summary of Findings and Implications for Future Research = 189