List of Boxes = Ix
List of Tables = X
List of Figures = Xi
List of Abbreviations = Xii
Preface = Xiv
1 Basic Labour Rights Are Human Rights = 1
1.1 Introduction = 1
1.2 Freedom of Association = 3
1.3 Elimination of All Forms of Forced of Compulsory Labour = 4
1.4 Effective Abolition of Child Labour = 5
1.5 Elimination of Discrimination in Respect of Employment and Occupation = 6
1.6 Basic Labour Rights Matter = 8
1.7 Purposes of Measuring Human Rights Achievements = 9
2 Can The Achievement of Rights Be Measured Quantitatively? = 11
2.1 Credible Outcome Measurements Are Lacking = 11
2.2 Foundations of The New Indicator System = 16
2.3 Human Rights Indicators Must Fulfil Certain Criteria = 21
3 The Architecture and Scope of The Gap System = 24
3.1 Concepts and Principles of Measurement = 24
3.2 Unit of Analysis - Countries and Years = 32
4 Measuring Adherence = 39
4.1 Core Conventions Component = 39
4.1.1 Ratification Indicator = 40
4.1.2 Reporting Indicator = 40
4.1.3 Testing Indicators 1 and 2 = 42
4.2 Declaration Component = 42
4.2.1 The Declaration's Relationship to Conventions = 43
4.2.2 Declaration Reporting = 44
4.2.3 Declaration Progress Indicator = 45
4.2.4 Testing Indicators 3 and 4 = 47
5 Measuring Implementation = 48
5.1 Starting Points = 48
5.2 Relevant Supervisory and Complaints Procedures = 50
5.2.1 Committee of Experts Component = 51
5.2.2 Cfa Component = 55
5.3 Scoring = 60
5.3.1 Committee of Experts Component = 60
5.3.2 Committee on Freedom of Association Component = 67
5.3.3 Combining The Two Components = 69
5.3.4 Testing Indicators 5 and 6 = 70
5.3.5 Testing Indicator 7 = 73
5.4 Shortcut to Implementation Gaps = 77
6 Time Lags and Finalization of The System's Features = 79
6.1 Time-lag Effects and Extensive Recent Ratifiers = 79
6.2 Reweighting Adherence = 87
6.3 Normalization = 87
6.4 Long-standing Ratifiers = 89
7 Human Rights Achievements ? Measuring The Four Freedoms As a Whole = 91
7.1 Introduction = 91
7.2 Global and Regional Evolution = 93
7.3 Overall Ranking of Countries = 95
7.4 Focus on Implementation = 102
7.4.1 Full Measurement = 102
7.4.2 Proxy Measurement = 103
7.5 Correlations? = 109
7.6 Conclusions Regarding Overall Gaps = 118
8 Achievements in The Area of Freedom of Association = 121
8.1 Introduction = 121
8.2 Global and Regional Evolution = 122
8.3 Ranking of Countries = 124
8.4 Focus on Implementation = 127
8.4.1 Full Measurement = 127
8.4.2 Proxy Measurement = 130
8.5 Correlations? = 133
8.6 Conclusions Regarding Freedom of Association = 138
9 Achievements in The Area of Forced Labour = 141
9.1 Introduction = 141
9.2 Global and Regional Evolution = 142
9.3 Ranking of Countries = 144
9.4 Focus on Implementation = 146
9.4.1 Full Measurement = 146
9.4.2 Proxy Measurement = 148
9.5 Conclusions Regarding Forced Labour Gaps = 150
10 Achievements in The Area of Child Labour = 152
10.1 Introduction = 152
10.2 Global and Regional Evolution = 154
10.3 Ranking of Countries = 156
10.4 Focus on Implementation = 157
10.4.1 Full Measurement = 157
10.4.2 Proxy Measurement = 159
10.5 Conclusions Regarding Child Labour Gaps = 160
11 Achievements in The Area of Non-discrimination = 162
11.1 Introduction = 162
11.2 Global and Regional Evolution = 162
11.3 Ranking of Countries = 164
11.4 Focus on Implementation = 167
11.4.1 Full Measurement = 167
11.4.2 Proxy Measurement = 168
11.5 Correlations? = 170
11.6 Conclusions Regarding Non-discrimination Gaps = 173
12 Typical Country Patterns and Conclusions = 175
12.1 Illustration of Typical Country Patterns Across All Areas = 175
12.2 Conclusions = 177
Appendix Rights Gaps Indicators = 182
Table 1 Countries' Normalized Overall Core Rights Gaps Since 1985 = 182
Table 2 Countries' Normalized Freedom of Association Gaps Since 1985 = 187
Table 3 Countries' Normalized Forced Labour Gaps Since 1985 = 192
Table 4 Countries' Normalized Child Labour Gaps Since 1985 = 197
Table 5 Countries' Normalized Non-discrimination Gaps Since 1985 = 202
Notes = 207
Bibliographic References = 218
Index = 223
List of Tables = X
List of Figures = Xi
List of Abbreviations = Xii
Preface = Xiv
1 Basic Labour Rights Are Human Rights = 1
1.1 Introduction = 1
1.2 Freedom of Association = 3
1.3 Elimination of All Forms of Forced of Compulsory Labour = 4
1.4 Effective Abolition of Child Labour = 5
1.5 Elimination of Discrimination in Respect of Employment and Occupation = 6
1.6 Basic Labour Rights Matter = 8
1.7 Purposes of Measuring Human Rights Achievements = 9
2 Can The Achievement of Rights Be Measured Quantitatively? = 11
2.1 Credible Outcome Measurements Are Lacking = 11
2.2 Foundations of The New Indicator System = 16
2.3 Human Rights Indicators Must Fulfil Certain Criteria = 21
3 The Architecture and Scope of The Gap System = 24
3.1 Concepts and Principles of Measurement = 24
3.2 Unit of Analysis - Countries and Years = 32
4 Measuring Adherence = 39
4.1 Core Conventions Component = 39
4.1.1 Ratification Indicator = 40
4.1.2 Reporting Indicator = 40
4.1.3 Testing Indicators 1 and 2 = 42
4.2 Declaration Component = 42
4.2.1 The Declaration's Relationship to Conventions = 43
4.2.2 Declaration Reporting = 44
4.2.3 Declaration Progress Indicator = 45
4.2.4 Testing Indicators 3 and 4 = 47
5 Measuring Implementation = 48
5.1 Starting Points = 48
5.2 Relevant Supervisory and Complaints Procedures = 50
5.2.1 Committee of Experts Component = 51
5.2.2 Cfa Component = 55
5.3 Scoring = 60
5.3.1 Committee of Experts Component = 60
5.3.2 Committee on Freedom of Association Component = 67
5.3.3 Combining The Two Components = 69
5.3.4 Testing Indicators 5 and 6 = 70
5.3.5 Testing Indicator 7 = 73
5.4 Shortcut to Implementation Gaps = 77
6 Time Lags and Finalization of The System's Features = 79
6.1 Time-lag Effects and Extensive Recent Ratifiers = 79
6.2 Reweighting Adherence = 87
6.3 Normalization = 87
6.4 Long-standing Ratifiers = 89
7 Human Rights Achievements ? Measuring The Four Freedoms As a Whole = 91
7.1 Introduction = 91
7.2 Global and Regional Evolution = 93
7.3 Overall Ranking of Countries = 95
7.4 Focus on Implementation = 102
7.4.1 Full Measurement = 102
7.4.2 Proxy Measurement = 103
7.5 Correlations? = 109
7.6 Conclusions Regarding Overall Gaps = 118
8 Achievements in The Area of Freedom of Association = 121
8.1 Introduction = 121
8.2 Global and Regional Evolution = 122
8.3 Ranking of Countries = 124
8.4 Focus on Implementation = 127
8.4.1 Full Measurement = 127
8.4.2 Proxy Measurement = 130
8.5 Correlations? = 133
8.6 Conclusions Regarding Freedom of Association = 138
9 Achievements in The Area of Forced Labour = 141
9.1 Introduction = 141
9.2 Global and Regional Evolution = 142
9.3 Ranking of Countries = 144
9.4 Focus on Implementation = 146
9.4.1 Full Measurement = 146
9.4.2 Proxy Measurement = 148
9.5 Conclusions Regarding Forced Labour Gaps = 150
10 Achievements in The Area of Child Labour = 152
10.1 Introduction = 152
10.2 Global and Regional Evolution = 154
10.3 Ranking of Countries = 156
10.4 Focus on Implementation = 157
10.4.1 Full Measurement = 157
10.4.2 Proxy Measurement = 159
10.5 Conclusions Regarding Child Labour Gaps = 160
11 Achievements in The Area of Non-discrimination = 162
11.1 Introduction = 162
11.2 Global and Regional Evolution = 162
11.3 Ranking of Countries = 164
11.4 Focus on Implementation = 167
11.4.1 Full Measurement = 167
11.4.2 Proxy Measurement = 168
11.5 Correlations? = 170
11.6 Conclusions Regarding Non-discrimination Gaps = 173
12 Typical Country Patterns and Conclusions = 175
12.1 Illustration of Typical Country Patterns Across All Areas = 175
12.2 Conclusions = 177
Appendix Rights Gaps Indicators = 182
Table 1 Countries' Normalized Overall Core Rights Gaps Since 1985 = 182
Table 2 Countries' Normalized Freedom of Association Gaps Since 1985 = 187
Table 3 Countries' Normalized Forced Labour Gaps Since 1985 = 192
Table 4 Countries' Normalized Child Labour Gaps Since 1985 = 197
Table 5 Countries' Normalized Non-discrimination Gaps Since 1985 = 202
Notes = 207
Bibliographic References = 218
Index = 223