List of Abbreviations=xiii
Part 1-Two Different Systems of Protection
Chapter I
1. Two Different Systems of Protection of Fundamental Rights=4
2. Scope of This Study=14
3. The Questions=15
4. Analytica Tools=18
5. Structure of This Study=20
Chapter II The Human Rights Act 1998
1. Introduction=23
2. The Human Rights Act 1998: Objectives and Contours=24
3. The Impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 on the English Systems of Protection=28
4. Preliminary Conclusions=33
Chapter III Freedom of Expression in english Law
1. Introduction=35
2. Criminal Libel and Related Offences=36
3. civil Libel=55
4. Breach of Confidence=70
5. Official Secrecy=88
6. Contempt of Court=95
7. Public Order Act 1986=107
8. Judicial Review=123
9. Preliminary Conclusions=129
Chapter IV Methods of Protection Applied by the Court
1. Introduction=131
2. Margin of Appreciation=132
3. Substantive Methods of Protection=133
4. Preliminary Conclusions=148
Part II-Common Ground
Chapter V The Notion of the Right to Freedom of Expression
1. Introduction=153
2. Acknowledgement of the Existence of Freedom of Expression=153
3. Natrue of Freedom of Expression=155
4. Horizontal Effect of Freedom of Expression=159
5. Prior Restraint=162
6. Common Ground and the Influence of the Human Rights Act 1998=169
Chapter VI Margin of Appreciaation
1. Introduction=173
2. Margin of Appreciation under Article 10 ECHR=174
3. Margin of Appreciation under English Law=192
4. common Ground and the Influence of the Human Rights Act 1998=205
Chapter VII Proportionality
1. Introduction=211
2. Proportionality under the ECHR=214
3. Proportionality in English Administrative Law=215
4. Common Ground Between the Approach to Review of Proportionality=228
Chapter VIII Balancing of Interests
1. Introduction=233
2. Character of Balancing of Interests in the Case Law of theh Court=233
3. Balancing of Interests under English Law=239
4. A Common Ground andn the Impact of the Human Rights Act 1998=254
Chapter IX Consideration and Appreciation of Facts and Circumstances
1. Introduction=263
2. Consideration and Appreciation of Facts and Circumstances by the Court=264
3. Consideration and Appreciation of Facts and Circumstances under English Law=272
4. Common Ground Between consideration and Appreciation of Facts and Circumstances=277
Chapter X Summary and Conclusions
1. Introduction=285
2. Common Ground=287
3. Changes Required after the Human Rights Act 1998 Becomes Law=293
4. Broader Frame of Relevance of this Study=302
Selected Bibligraphy=311
Table of Cases=317
Curriculum Vitae=327
Part 1-Two Different Systems of Protection
Chapter I
1. Two Different Systems of Protection of Fundamental Rights=4
2. Scope of This Study=14
3. The Questions=15
4. Analytica Tools=18
5. Structure of This Study=20
Chapter II The Human Rights Act 1998
1. Introduction=23
2. The Human Rights Act 1998: Objectives and Contours=24
3. The Impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 on the English Systems of Protection=28
4. Preliminary Conclusions=33
Chapter III Freedom of Expression in english Law
1. Introduction=35
2. Criminal Libel and Related Offences=36
3. civil Libel=55
4. Breach of Confidence=70
5. Official Secrecy=88
6. Contempt of Court=95
7. Public Order Act 1986=107
8. Judicial Review=123
9. Preliminary Conclusions=129
Chapter IV Methods of Protection Applied by the Court
1. Introduction=131
2. Margin of Appreciation=132
3. Substantive Methods of Protection=133
4. Preliminary Conclusions=148
Part II-Common Ground
Chapter V The Notion of the Right to Freedom of Expression
1. Introduction=153
2. Acknowledgement of the Existence of Freedom of Expression=153
3. Natrue of Freedom of Expression=155
4. Horizontal Effect of Freedom of Expression=159
5. Prior Restraint=162
6. Common Ground and the Influence of the Human Rights Act 1998=169
Chapter VI Margin of Appreciaation
1. Introduction=173
2. Margin of Appreciation under Article 10 ECHR=174
3. Margin of Appreciation under English Law=192
4. common Ground and the Influence of the Human Rights Act 1998=205
Chapter VII Proportionality
1. Introduction=211
2. Proportionality under the ECHR=214
3. Proportionality in English Administrative Law=215
4. Common Ground Between the Approach to Review of Proportionality=228
Chapter VIII Balancing of Interests
1. Introduction=233
2. Character of Balancing of Interests in the Case Law of theh Court=233
3. Balancing of Interests under English Law=239
4. A Common Ground andn the Impact of the Human Rights Act 1998=254
Chapter IX Consideration and Appreciation of Facts and Circumstances
1. Introduction=263
2. Consideration and Appreciation of Facts and Circumstances by the Court=264
3. Consideration and Appreciation of Facts and Circumstances under English Law=272
4. Common Ground Between consideration and Appreciation of Facts and Circumstances=277
Chapter X Summary and Conclusions
1. Introduction=285
2. Common Ground=287
3. Changes Required after the Human Rights Act 1998 Becomes Law=293
4. Broader Frame of Relevance of this Study=302
Selected Bibligraphy=311
Table of Cases=317
Curriculum Vitae=327