1 Studying Citizenship: A Political-Process Approach = 1
Introduction = 1
Citizenship Reform as a Process, Not a Product = 4
Culturalist, Structuralist, Institutionalist, and Political-Process Analyses of Citizenship = 6
French Citizenship Reform as a Case Study = 13
Research Strategy and Plan of the Book = 17
2 The New Immigrants and Citizenship = 19
Contemporary Immigration in France = 19
Immigrants and Citizenship Status = 25
3 Politicizing Citizenship in French Immigration Politics = 31
The Transformations of Pluralism in France = 32
Immigrant Associations and the Right to Difference = 34
The Pluralist Debates and the Extreme Right = 36
The Contested National Identity = 40
The Left, National Identity, and Citizenship = 42
Immigrants, National Identity, and the New Citizenship = 46
National Identity Debates, Racial Politics, and Nativism = 52
Conclusion: From National Identity to Citizenship = 53
4 Re-Envisioning Citizenship: The Debates Over the Nationality Code = 57
From National Identity to Nationality Code = 58
The Voluntarist Arguments = 60
Voluntarism and the Left = 64
The Communitarian Arguments = 65
Communitarianism and the Left = 68
The Nativist Arguments = 69
Nativism and the Left = 71
The Constraints of French Ideologies = 71
Conclusion = 76
5 The Reform, The State, and The Political Process = 77
State Constraints on a Reform = 78
The Four Objectives of the Bureau of Nationality = 83
Agendas, Autonomy, and Dissension Within the State = 85
The Reform and the Political Process = 90
Conclusion = 99
6 Reconstructing Citizenship: The Nationality Commission = 101
The Fusion of National Identity and Pluralism = 103
National Identity and Concerns About European Integration = 107
Reinforcing National Identity and National Integration = 109
Elective Conception of the Nation and a Voluntarist Citizenship = 117
Reaffirming and Resituating the Statist Perspective = 121
Reactions to the Commission's Report = 123
7 Who's Wearing the Veil? Ethnic Politics and the New Citizenship = 129
Immigrants to Ethnics: Constraints on Ethnic Citizenship and Difference = 130
Contemporary Challenges = 133
L'Affaire du Foulard: Creating the Affair = 136
Defining the Drama = 138
Managing the Affair = 141
Conclusion = 144
8 Nationality Reform in the 1990s = 147
Citizenship Reform, Membership Traditions, and the Political Process = 156
Domestic Political Processes and Changes in Citizenship = 158
Appendix A: State Agencies, Political Parties, Social Organizations, and Immigrant Associations at Which
Interviews Were Conducted = 161
Appendix B: Legislative Propositions to Reform the Nationality Code = 163
Notes = 165
Bibliography = 195
Index 219
Introduction = 1
Citizenship Reform as a Process, Not a Product = 4
Culturalist, Structuralist, Institutionalist, and Political-Process Analyses of Citizenship = 6
French Citizenship Reform as a Case Study = 13
Research Strategy and Plan of the Book = 17
2 The New Immigrants and Citizenship = 19
Contemporary Immigration in France = 19
Immigrants and Citizenship Status = 25
3 Politicizing Citizenship in French Immigration Politics = 31
The Transformations of Pluralism in France = 32
Immigrant Associations and the Right to Difference = 34
The Pluralist Debates and the Extreme Right = 36
The Contested National Identity = 40
The Left, National Identity, and Citizenship = 42
Immigrants, National Identity, and the New Citizenship = 46
National Identity Debates, Racial Politics, and Nativism = 52
Conclusion: From National Identity to Citizenship = 53
4 Re-Envisioning Citizenship: The Debates Over the Nationality Code = 57
From National Identity to Nationality Code = 58
The Voluntarist Arguments = 60
Voluntarism and the Left = 64
The Communitarian Arguments = 65
Communitarianism and the Left = 68
The Nativist Arguments = 69
Nativism and the Left = 71
The Constraints of French Ideologies = 71
Conclusion = 76
5 The Reform, The State, and The Political Process = 77
State Constraints on a Reform = 78
The Four Objectives of the Bureau of Nationality = 83
Agendas, Autonomy, and Dissension Within the State = 85
The Reform and the Political Process = 90
Conclusion = 99
6 Reconstructing Citizenship: The Nationality Commission = 101
The Fusion of National Identity and Pluralism = 103
National Identity and Concerns About European Integration = 107
Reinforcing National Identity and National Integration = 109
Elective Conception of the Nation and a Voluntarist Citizenship = 117
Reaffirming and Resituating the Statist Perspective = 121
Reactions to the Commission's Report = 123
7 Who's Wearing the Veil? Ethnic Politics and the New Citizenship = 129
Immigrants to Ethnics: Constraints on Ethnic Citizenship and Difference = 130
Contemporary Challenges = 133
L'Affaire du Foulard: Creating the Affair = 136
Defining the Drama = 138
Managing the Affair = 141
Conclusion = 144
8 Nationality Reform in the 1990s = 147
Citizenship Reform, Membership Traditions, and the Political Process = 156
Domestic Political Processes and Changes in Citizenship = 158
Appendix A: State Agencies, Political Parties, Social Organizations, and Immigrant Associations at Which
Interviews Were Conducted = 161
Appendix B: Legislative Propositions to Reform the Nationality Code = 163
Notes = 165
Bibliography = 195
Index 219