Glossary = 5
Introduction = 7
Political and security implications of protracted refugee situations = 8
Framework of the paper = 11
1 Defining the problem = 13
Towards a working definition = 13
Trends in protracted refugee situations = 15
Causes of protracted refugee situations = 18
2 Security implications of protracted refugee situations = 23
Refugees and security during the Cold War = 24
Security and refugees during the post-Cold War era = 24
`Issue-widening' in the field of security studies = 28
Direct threats = 30
Indirect threats = 32
3 Case studies: contemporary protracted refugee populations in Africa and Asia = 35
Refugees from Somalia in Kenya = 38
Refugees from Burundi in Tanzania = 44
Refugees from Liberia and Sierra Leone in Guinea = 51
Refugees from Myanmar in Thailand = 56
The Bhutanese Lhotshampas in Nepal = 61
4 Towards solutions for protracted refugee situations = 67
Towards a full response: comprehensive solutions to protracted refugee situations = 71
Enhancing the three durable solutions = 73
Recent interest in responses to protracted refugee situations = 76
The Somali CPA: attempt at formulating a comprehensive solution = 78
Framework for a truly comprehensive response = 81
Notes 85
Introduction = 7
Political and security implications of protracted refugee situations = 8
Framework of the paper = 11
1 Defining the problem = 13
Towards a working definition = 13
Trends in protracted refugee situations = 15
Causes of protracted refugee situations = 18
2 Security implications of protracted refugee situations = 23
Refugees and security during the Cold War = 24
Security and refugees during the post-Cold War era = 24
`Issue-widening' in the field of security studies = 28
Direct threats = 30
Indirect threats = 32
3 Case studies: contemporary protracted refugee populations in Africa and Asia = 35
Refugees from Somalia in Kenya = 38
Refugees from Burundi in Tanzania = 44
Refugees from Liberia and Sierra Leone in Guinea = 51
Refugees from Myanmar in Thailand = 56
The Bhutanese Lhotshampas in Nepal = 61
4 Towards solutions for protracted refugee situations = 67
Towards a full response: comprehensive solutions to protracted refugee situations = 71
Enhancing the three durable solutions = 73
Recent interest in responses to protracted refugee situations = 76
The Somali CPA: attempt at formulating a comprehensive solution = 78
Framework for a truly comprehensive response = 81
Notes 85