Part 1 Understanding Global Governance
1 The Challenges of Global Governance = 3
What Is Global Governance? = 3
The Pieces of Global Governance, = 4
International Law = 5
International Norms or "Soft Law" = 6
Intergovernmental Organizations = 7
Nongovernmental Organizations = 10
International Regimes = 12
Ad Hoc Arrangements = 13
Global Conferences = 13
Private Governance = 14
Actors in Global Governance, = 15
States = 15
IGOs = 17
NGOs = 17
Experts = 18
Global Policy Networks = 19
Multinational Corporations = 19
An Increasing Need for Global Governance? = 21
Globalization = 21
The Cold War's End = 24
Emergent Transnational Civil Society = 24
Contested Nature of Sovereignty = 25
Processes of Global Governance: Multilateralism Matters = 26
Complex Diplomacy = 26
How Do Decisions Get Made? = 27
Leadership = 28
Actor Strategies = 29
The Politics and Effectiveness of Global Governance, = 30
Power: Who Gets What? = 30
Legitimacy = 31
Accountability = 32
Effectiveness = 33
2 The Theoretical Foundations of Global Governance = 35
Liberalism, = 35
Neoliberal Institutionalism or Neoliberalism = 38
Functionalism = 40
International Regimes = 42
Collective or Public Goods Theory = 43
Realism, = 45
Neorealism or Structural Realism = 46
Strategic or Rational Choice Theory = 47
Hegemonic Stability Theory = 48
Constructivism: An Alternative Approach, = 50
Critical Theories, = 52
Marxist and Neo-Marxist Theory = 53
Dependency Theory = 55
World-System Theory = 55
Theories of Organizations, = 56
Organizational Culture = 56
Organizational Adaptation and Learning = 57
Interorganizational Relations = 58
Networks = 59
IR Theory and Global Governance, = 59
Part 2 Evolving Pieces of Global Governance
3 Foundations of the Pieces of Global Governance = 63
The State System and Its Weaknesses, = 64
Governance Innovations in the Nineteenth Century, = 65
Concert of Europe = 65
Public International Unions = 66
The Hague System = 67
The Legacy of the Nineteenth Century = 67
Multilateralism in the Twentieth Century, = 68
The League of Nations = 68
The Strengthening of Functional and Specialized Organizations = 72
Global Conferences = 84
International Courts = 87
4 The United Nations: Centerpiece of Global Governance = 97
Foundations of the United Nations, = 98
From League to UN = 98
The UN Charter and Key Principles = 99
The Major Organs of the UN, = 101
General Assembly = 101
Security Council = 110
Economic and Social Council = 114
Secretariat = 118
International Court of Justice = 124
Trusteeship Council = 125
World Politics and the Evolution of the United Nations, = 126
Politics in the Cold War World = 126
Post-Cold War World Politics = 129
Globalization and World Politics in a New Millennium = 130
Persistent Organizational Problems and the Need for Reform, = 132
Financing = 133
Coordination and Management = 137
Structural Reform of the Security Council = 139
Integrating Nonstate Actors = 142
The UN's Relationship to Regional Organizations, = 142
5 Regional Organizations = 145
The Roots and Dynamics of Regionalism, = 148
Defining a Region = 148
Political Factors = 148
Economic Factors = 150
Two Waves of Regionalism = 151
Europe's Regional Organizations, = 153
NATO = 154
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe = 158
European Union = 159
Commonwealth of Independent States = 175
Is Europe a Model for Other Regions? = 175
Regional Organizations in the Americas, = 176
Evolution of Regionalism in the Americas = 176
Hemispheric Regionalism: The OAS = 179
The Summit of the Americas Process = 183
Subregional Integration = 184
Asia's Regional Organizations, = 189
ASEAN = 191
APEC = 194
ASEAN Regional Forum (ARE) = 198
Africa's Regional Organizations, = 200
From the Organization of African Unity to the African Union = 200
Subregional Integration Initiatives = 204
Regional Bottlenecks = 206
Middle East Regional Organizations, = 206
The League of Arab States = 206
The Gulf Cooperation Council = 207
Assessing the Consequences of Regionalism, = 209
6 Nonstate Actors: NGOs, Networks, and Social Movements = 211
Nonstate Actors in Action, = 211
Take One: Expanding and Limiting the Scope of Global Governance = 211
Take Two: The Dark Side of Nonstate Actors = 212
The Range of Nonstate Actors, = 213
NGOs = 213
Networks and Coalitions = 217
Social Movements = 219
Global Public Policy Networks = 220
Experts and Epistemic Communities = 221
For-Profit NGOs: MNCs = 222
Toward a Global Civil Society? = 223
The Growth of Nonstate Actors, = 224
A Historical Perspective on the Growth of NGO Influence = 224
Explaining the Accelerated Growth of Nonstate Actors' Participation = 226
NGO Roles = 229
NGOs Relationships to IGOs, = 230
The United Nations = 231
UN Agencies = 233
The Major Economic Institutions = 235
Participation in Global Conferences = 237
For the Future: A Forum of Their Own? = 238
Relationships with the European Union = 239
NGO Influence and Its Limits, = 240
Sources of Influence = 241
Limits on NGO Influence = 243
Is State Sovereignty Diminished by Nonstate Actors' Influence? = 246
7 The Roles of States in Global Governance = 249
States in Action, = 249
States and Other Actors: A Complex Interaction, = 250
The Key Role of the United States, = 252
The Historical Record = 252
Explaining U.S.-IGO Relationships = 255
Other Powerful States, = 257
Middle-Power States, = 262
Small States, Developing States, = 264
State Strategies, = 265
Forum Shopping = 265
Coalition Building = 266
The Challenges of Multilateral Diplomacy: Negotiating Across Cultures, = 270
Does Culture Matter? = 270
Negotiating Styles = 272
Getting Agreement, = 273
Part 3 The Need for Global Governance
8 The Search for Peace and Security = 277
Case Study: Somalia as a Watershed, = 277
Wars as the Genesis for Pieces of Security Governance, = 279
IGO Venues for Security = 282
Norms Related to the Use of Force = 283
Linking International Relations Theories and Security Governance = 288
Mechanisms for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes, = 289
Preventive Diplomacy = 290
Mediation = 292
Adjudication and Arbitration = 294
Collective Security, Enforcement, and Sanctions, = 297
Collective Security Efforts Involving Armed Force = 298
Enforcement and Sanctions = 299
Peacekeeping, = 306
Distinguishing Between Enforcement and Peacekeeping = 308
Traditional or First-Generation Peacekeeping = 311
Second-Generation Peacekeeping and Peacebuilding = 312
Third-Generation Peacekeeping = 316
Evaluating Success and Failure in Peacekeeping = 321
Humanitarian Intervention = 324
Arms Control and Disarmament, = 327
Putting Arms Control on the Agenda = 327
Limiting Proliferation of Nuclear Weapon Capability = 329
Chemical and Biological Weapon Prohibition = 332
Banning Landmines = 334
Putting Together the Pieces of Security Governance, = 336
The Arab-Israeli Conflict = 336
Other Middle East Threats to International Peace = 344
New Threats to Security: Coping with Terrorism, = 344
International Responses to Terrorism = 347
International Responses to September 11, 2001, = 350
The Challenges of Human Security, = 353
9 Promoting Human Development and Economic Well-Being = 355
Case Study: Debt Relief, = 355
An Evolving Global Economy, = 358
The Globalization of Liberal Economic Norms, = 359
Bretton Woods Institutions and the Washington Consensus = 360
The Role of MNCs 360, Critics of Liberal Economic Norms = 361
Pieces of Global Economic Governance, = 363
Development and Finance: The World Bank, IMF, UN System, and NGOs = 363
Trade: From GATT to the WTO = 380
The Role of the G-7 = 386
Functional Regimes = 387
Intellectual Property Rights = 390
Private Governance = 391
The Regionalization of Economic Governance, = 392
European Union's Single Market = 393
NAFTA = 396
ASEAN Free TradeArea = 398
Regional Multilateral Development Banks = 398
Economic Globalization and Africa: A Problematic Case, = 402
From Critiques of the Liberal Economic System to the Antiglobalization Movement, = 406
Critiques of the Central Pieces of Economic Governance = 406
From Controlling MNCs to Partnering = 407
Intergovernmental Resource Cartels = 409
NGOs as Critics and Challengers = 410
The Antiglobalization Movement = 410
10 Protecting Human Rights = 413
Case Study: Child Soldiers, = 413
The Roots of Human Rights Norms, = 415
Religious Traditions = 416
The Philosophers and Political Theorists = 416
The Debate: Universal Human Rights Institutions or Cultural Relativism = 417
Human Rights Institutions and Mechanisms, = 419
NGOs and the Human Rights Movement = 419
League of Nations = 421
United Nations = 424
The Processes of Human Rights Governance, = 428
Setting Human Rights Standards and Norms = 428
Monitoring Human Rights = 433
Promoting Human Rights = 440
Enforcing Human Rights = 441
Global Human Rights Governance in Action, = 447
Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing = 447
Violence Against Women = 451
The U.S. Role = 454
Expanding Human Rights in the Age of Globalization, = 456
11 Protecting the Environment = 459
Case Study: Tropical Forests in the Brazilian Amazon, = 459
Relating Environmental Problems to Security, Economics, and Human Rights, = 462
The Emergence of the Environment as an Issue Area, = 463
The Pieces of Global Environmental Governance, = 464
International Conferences and the Articulation of Norms: From Stockholm to Johannesburg = 464
NGO Roles = 469
The Role of Epistemic Communities = 471
Global Environmental Regimes and Institutions, = 472
Principles of an Environmental Regime = 472
Global Environmental Agreements = 472
International Environmental Institutions = 473
Global Governance in Action, = 481
Ozone Depletion = 481
Global Warming = 483
Regional Environmental Governance, = 486
European Union = 486
NAFTA = 489
ASEAN = 490
Regional Environmental Agreements = 492
The Challenges of Implementation, Compliance, and Effectiveness, = 493
Part 4 The Dilemmas of Global Governance
12 Dilemmas of Global Governance in the Twenty-First Century = 499
New Issues, Diverse Approaches, = 499
HIV/AIDS = 499
The Internet = 506
What Makes Global Governance Different? = 510
No Neat Categories, No Easy Fit = 511
Proliferating Actors = 511
Organized Chaos Among the Pieces = 513
Challenges for the Future, = 514
Legitimacy = 514
Accountability = 516
Effectiveness = 517
List of Acronyms = 521
References = 529
Index = 563
About the Book 603
1 The Challenges of Global Governance = 3
What Is Global Governance? = 3
The Pieces of Global Governance, = 4
International Law = 5
International Norms or "Soft Law" = 6
Intergovernmental Organizations = 7
Nongovernmental Organizations = 10
International Regimes = 12
Ad Hoc Arrangements = 13
Global Conferences = 13
Private Governance = 14
Actors in Global Governance, = 15
States = 15
IGOs = 17
NGOs = 17
Experts = 18
Global Policy Networks = 19
Multinational Corporations = 19
An Increasing Need for Global Governance? = 21
Globalization = 21
The Cold War's End = 24
Emergent Transnational Civil Society = 24
Contested Nature of Sovereignty = 25
Processes of Global Governance: Multilateralism Matters = 26
Complex Diplomacy = 26
How Do Decisions Get Made? = 27
Leadership = 28
Actor Strategies = 29
The Politics and Effectiveness of Global Governance, = 30
Power: Who Gets What? = 30
Legitimacy = 31
Accountability = 32
Effectiveness = 33
2 The Theoretical Foundations of Global Governance = 35
Liberalism, = 35
Neoliberal Institutionalism or Neoliberalism = 38
Functionalism = 40
International Regimes = 42
Collective or Public Goods Theory = 43
Realism, = 45
Neorealism or Structural Realism = 46
Strategic or Rational Choice Theory = 47
Hegemonic Stability Theory = 48
Constructivism: An Alternative Approach, = 50
Critical Theories, = 52
Marxist and Neo-Marxist Theory = 53
Dependency Theory = 55
World-System Theory = 55
Theories of Organizations, = 56
Organizational Culture = 56
Organizational Adaptation and Learning = 57
Interorganizational Relations = 58
Networks = 59
IR Theory and Global Governance, = 59
Part 2 Evolving Pieces of Global Governance
3 Foundations of the Pieces of Global Governance = 63
The State System and Its Weaknesses, = 64
Governance Innovations in the Nineteenth Century, = 65
Concert of Europe = 65
Public International Unions = 66
The Hague System = 67
The Legacy of the Nineteenth Century = 67
Multilateralism in the Twentieth Century, = 68
The League of Nations = 68
The Strengthening of Functional and Specialized Organizations = 72
Global Conferences = 84
International Courts = 87
4 The United Nations: Centerpiece of Global Governance = 97
Foundations of the United Nations, = 98
From League to UN = 98
The UN Charter and Key Principles = 99
The Major Organs of the UN, = 101
General Assembly = 101
Security Council = 110
Economic and Social Council = 114
Secretariat = 118
International Court of Justice = 124
Trusteeship Council = 125
World Politics and the Evolution of the United Nations, = 126
Politics in the Cold War World = 126
Post-Cold War World Politics = 129
Globalization and World Politics in a New Millennium = 130
Persistent Organizational Problems and the Need for Reform, = 132
Financing = 133
Coordination and Management = 137
Structural Reform of the Security Council = 139
Integrating Nonstate Actors = 142
The UN's Relationship to Regional Organizations, = 142
5 Regional Organizations = 145
The Roots and Dynamics of Regionalism, = 148
Defining a Region = 148
Political Factors = 148
Economic Factors = 150
Two Waves of Regionalism = 151
Europe's Regional Organizations, = 153
NATO = 154
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe = 158
European Union = 159
Commonwealth of Independent States = 175
Is Europe a Model for Other Regions? = 175
Regional Organizations in the Americas, = 176
Evolution of Regionalism in the Americas = 176
Hemispheric Regionalism: The OAS = 179
The Summit of the Americas Process = 183
Subregional Integration = 184
Asia's Regional Organizations, = 189
ASEAN = 191
APEC = 194
ASEAN Regional Forum (ARE) = 198
Africa's Regional Organizations, = 200
From the Organization of African Unity to the African Union = 200
Subregional Integration Initiatives = 204
Regional Bottlenecks = 206
Middle East Regional Organizations, = 206
The League of Arab States = 206
The Gulf Cooperation Council = 207
Assessing the Consequences of Regionalism, = 209
6 Nonstate Actors: NGOs, Networks, and Social Movements = 211
Nonstate Actors in Action, = 211
Take One: Expanding and Limiting the Scope of Global Governance = 211
Take Two: The Dark Side of Nonstate Actors = 212
The Range of Nonstate Actors, = 213
NGOs = 213
Networks and Coalitions = 217
Social Movements = 219
Global Public Policy Networks = 220
Experts and Epistemic Communities = 221
For-Profit NGOs: MNCs = 222
Toward a Global Civil Society? = 223
The Growth of Nonstate Actors, = 224
A Historical Perspective on the Growth of NGO Influence = 224
Explaining the Accelerated Growth of Nonstate Actors' Participation = 226
NGO Roles = 229
NGOs Relationships to IGOs, = 230
The United Nations = 231
UN Agencies = 233
The Major Economic Institutions = 235
Participation in Global Conferences = 237
For the Future: A Forum of Their Own? = 238
Relationships with the European Union = 239
NGO Influence and Its Limits, = 240
Sources of Influence = 241
Limits on NGO Influence = 243
Is State Sovereignty Diminished by Nonstate Actors' Influence? = 246
7 The Roles of States in Global Governance = 249
States in Action, = 249
States and Other Actors: A Complex Interaction, = 250
The Key Role of the United States, = 252
The Historical Record = 252
Explaining U.S.-IGO Relationships = 255
Other Powerful States, = 257
Middle-Power States, = 262
Small States, Developing States, = 264
State Strategies, = 265
Forum Shopping = 265
Coalition Building = 266
The Challenges of Multilateral Diplomacy: Negotiating Across Cultures, = 270
Does Culture Matter? = 270
Negotiating Styles = 272
Getting Agreement, = 273
Part 3 The Need for Global Governance
8 The Search for Peace and Security = 277
Case Study: Somalia as a Watershed, = 277
Wars as the Genesis for Pieces of Security Governance, = 279
IGO Venues for Security = 282
Norms Related to the Use of Force = 283
Linking International Relations Theories and Security Governance = 288
Mechanisms for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes, = 289
Preventive Diplomacy = 290
Mediation = 292
Adjudication and Arbitration = 294
Collective Security, Enforcement, and Sanctions, = 297
Collective Security Efforts Involving Armed Force = 298
Enforcement and Sanctions = 299
Peacekeeping, = 306
Distinguishing Between Enforcement and Peacekeeping = 308
Traditional or First-Generation Peacekeeping = 311
Second-Generation Peacekeeping and Peacebuilding = 312
Third-Generation Peacekeeping = 316
Evaluating Success and Failure in Peacekeeping = 321
Humanitarian Intervention = 324
Arms Control and Disarmament, = 327
Putting Arms Control on the Agenda = 327
Limiting Proliferation of Nuclear Weapon Capability = 329
Chemical and Biological Weapon Prohibition = 332
Banning Landmines = 334
Putting Together the Pieces of Security Governance, = 336
The Arab-Israeli Conflict = 336
Other Middle East Threats to International Peace = 344
New Threats to Security: Coping with Terrorism, = 344
International Responses to Terrorism = 347
International Responses to September 11, 2001, = 350
The Challenges of Human Security, = 353
9 Promoting Human Development and Economic Well-Being = 355
Case Study: Debt Relief, = 355
An Evolving Global Economy, = 358
The Globalization of Liberal Economic Norms, = 359
Bretton Woods Institutions and the Washington Consensus = 360
The Role of MNCs 360, Critics of Liberal Economic Norms = 361
Pieces of Global Economic Governance, = 363
Development and Finance: The World Bank, IMF, UN System, and NGOs = 363
Trade: From GATT to the WTO = 380
The Role of the G-7 = 386
Functional Regimes = 387
Intellectual Property Rights = 390
Private Governance = 391
The Regionalization of Economic Governance, = 392
European Union's Single Market = 393
NAFTA = 396
ASEAN Free TradeArea = 398
Regional Multilateral Development Banks = 398
Economic Globalization and Africa: A Problematic Case, = 402
From Critiques of the Liberal Economic System to the Antiglobalization Movement, = 406
Critiques of the Central Pieces of Economic Governance = 406
From Controlling MNCs to Partnering = 407
Intergovernmental Resource Cartels = 409
NGOs as Critics and Challengers = 410
The Antiglobalization Movement = 410
10 Protecting Human Rights = 413
Case Study: Child Soldiers, = 413
The Roots of Human Rights Norms, = 415
Religious Traditions = 416
The Philosophers and Political Theorists = 416
The Debate: Universal Human Rights Institutions or Cultural Relativism = 417
Human Rights Institutions and Mechanisms, = 419
NGOs and the Human Rights Movement = 419
League of Nations = 421
United Nations = 424
The Processes of Human Rights Governance, = 428
Setting Human Rights Standards and Norms = 428
Monitoring Human Rights = 433
Promoting Human Rights = 440
Enforcing Human Rights = 441
Global Human Rights Governance in Action, = 447
Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing = 447
Violence Against Women = 451
The U.S. Role = 454
Expanding Human Rights in the Age of Globalization, = 456
11 Protecting the Environment = 459
Case Study: Tropical Forests in the Brazilian Amazon, = 459
Relating Environmental Problems to Security, Economics, and Human Rights, = 462
The Emergence of the Environment as an Issue Area, = 463
The Pieces of Global Environmental Governance, = 464
International Conferences and the Articulation of Norms: From Stockholm to Johannesburg = 464
NGO Roles = 469
The Role of Epistemic Communities = 471
Global Environmental Regimes and Institutions, = 472
Principles of an Environmental Regime = 472
Global Environmental Agreements = 472
International Environmental Institutions = 473
Global Governance in Action, = 481
Ozone Depletion = 481
Global Warming = 483
Regional Environmental Governance, = 486
European Union = 486
NAFTA = 489
ASEAN = 490
Regional Environmental Agreements = 492
The Challenges of Implementation, Compliance, and Effectiveness, = 493
Part 4 The Dilemmas of Global Governance
12 Dilemmas of Global Governance in the Twenty-First Century = 499
New Issues, Diverse Approaches, = 499
HIV/AIDS = 499
The Internet = 506
What Makes Global Governance Different? = 510
No Neat Categories, No Easy Fit = 511
Proliferating Actors = 511
Organized Chaos Among the Pieces = 513
Challenges for the Future, = 514
Legitimacy = 514
Accountability = 516
Effectiveness = 517
List of Acronyms = 521
References = 529
Index = 563
About the Book 603