Preface iii -- Authors' Note and Acknowledgements vii -- Acknowledgements and Permission ix -- Table of Cases xix -- Introduction: What is Equality Between the Sexes? 1 -- Chapter I. Constitutional Limits on Sex-Based Discrimination 10 -- A. The Tradition 10 -- 1. Text Note: Legislative and Judicial Perspectives on American Womanhood 10 -- 2. Men as Victims? 21 -- United States v. St. Clair 21 -- Notes on St. Clair 22 -- B. The New Direction 23 -- 1. The Turning Point 23 -- Reed v. Reed 23 -- Notes on Reed 27 -- Text Note: An Overview of Equal Protection Analysis 28 -- 2. Sex as a "Suspect" Classification 30 -- Frontiero v. Richardson 30 -- Notes on Frontiero 37 -- 3. An Intermediate Approach 40 -- Craig v. Boren 40 -- Notes on Craig 53 -- 4. Heightened "Skeptical" Scrutiny 58 -- United States v. Virginia et al. 58 -- Notes on VMI 89 -- C. Identifying the Victims of Discrimination 90 -- 1. Discrimination as the "Accidental By-Product of a Traditional Way of Thinking About Females" 90 -- Califano v. Goldfarb 90 -- Notes on Goldfarb 103 -- 2. Purposeful Discrimination 106 -- Tuan Anh Nguyen v. I.N.S. 106 -- Rostker v. Goldberg 126 -- Notes on Tuan Anh Nguyen and Rostker 141 -- Text Note: Women in the Military 143 -- 3. "Benign" Classifications 153 -- Mississippi University For Women v. Hogan 153 -- Notes on Hogan 164 -- 4. Gender-Neutral Classifications 167 -- Personnel Adm'r of Massachusetts v. Feeney 167 -- Notes on Feeney 179 -- D. First Amendment Constraints on Sex Discrimination Claims 182 -- 1. Private Clubs 182 -- Board of Directors of Rotary International v. Rotary Club 182 -- Notes on Rotary International 187 -- 2. Pornography 195 -- American Booksellers Ass'n, Inc. v. Hudnut 195 -- Notes on Hudnut 203 -- E. State Equal Rights Amendments 209 -- Guard v. Jackson 209 -- Notes on Guard 213 -- Chapter II. Sexual Interaction Within the Family 218 -- A. Marriage and Family Life 218 -- 1. The Marriage Contract 218 -- a. Traditional Marriage and Its Consequences for Women 218 -- i. Age at Marriage, Married Name, Domicile 218 -- Bobb v. Municipal Court 218 -- In re Laura Beth Lamb on Disbarment 222 -- Notes on Bobb and Lamb 226 -- Text Note: The Married Woman's Loss of Identity 227 -- ii. Support of Spouse and Children 244 -- Commonwealth ex rel. Goldstein v. Goldstein 244 -- Notes on Goldstein 247 -- Text Note: Support of Spouse and Children During Marriage 250 -- iii. Marital Property Regimes 259 -- Kirchberg v. Feenstra 259 -- Notes on Kirchberg 261 -- Text Note: Position of the Wife in Common Law and Community Property States 261 -- b. Rethinking the Marriage Contract 274 -- i. Feminists and Marriage 274 -- Proclamation 4786 of August 29, 1980 275 -- Marriage 276 -- The Politics of Housework 282 -- The Family: Preserving America's Future 286 -- Contract With the American Family 289 -- Notes on Feminists and Marriage 290 -- ii. Same-Sex Marriage 293 -- Baker v. Nelson 293 -- Baker v. State of Vermont 296 -- Notes on Nelson and Baker 309 -- 2. Dissolution of Marriage 312 -- a. Grounds 312 -- Text Note: The Statutory Basis for Marriage Dissolution 312 -- b. Financial Provisions 316 -- In re Marriage of Morrison 316 -- White v. White 321 -- Petersen v. Petersen 326 -- Notes on Morrison, White, and Petersen 331 -- Text Note: Spousal Support and Division of Property Following Divorce 338 -- c. Custody and Support of Children 342 -- Pikula v. Pikula 342 -- Tresnak v. Tresnak 349 -- E.N.O. v. L.M.M. 353 -- Zepeda v. Zepeda 364 -- Notes on Pikula, Tresnak, E.N.O. and Zepeda 368 -- Text Note: Child Custody and Support 377 -- B. Family Life Without Marriage 390 -- 1. Barriers Against the Unwed Family 390 -- Jarrett v. Jarrett 390 -- Notes on Jarrett 395 -- 2. The Unwed Parent 402 -- Lehr v. Robertson 402 -- Notes on Lehr 410 -- 3. Text Note: Illegitimacy and Sex-Based Discrimination 416 -- a. The Relative Rights of the Natural Parents 416 -- b. Illegitimacy and the Social Status of Women 419 -- 4. Property Rights of Couples Living in Nonmarital Cohabitation 425 -- Watts v. Watts 425 -- Notes on Watts 433 -- C. Text Note: The Legal Structure of Family Life 437 -- D. Family Planning: Who Controls the Reproductive Process? 439 -- 1. Contraception 439 -- Carey v. Population Servs. Int'l 439 -- Notes on Carey 448 -- 2. Gestational Surrogacy 451 -- Johnson v. Calvert 451 -- Notes on Johnson 467 -- 3. Abortion 470 -- Roe v. Wade 470 -- Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey 479 -- Notes on Roe and Casey 514 -- 4. Sterilization 516 -- Walker v. Pierce 516 -- Notes on Walker 522 -- Text Note: Control of the Body 525 -- Chapter III. Women and Employment 540 -- Introductory Note 540 A. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 542 -- 1. The Legal Framework for Title VII Litigation 542 -- a. Disparate Impact 542 -- Griggs v. Duke Power Co. 542 -- Notes on Griggs 547 -- Note on 1991 Amendments to Title VII 558 -- b. Disparate Treatment 560 -- i. The Prima Facie Case 560 -- Mcdonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green 560 -- Notes on McDonnell Douglas 564 -- ii. Articulating Legitimate and Nondiscriminatory Reasons 566