Preface ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ v
List of Contributors ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ vii
Table of Contents ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ ix
Abbreviations ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ xv
Introduction (Erika de Wet & Andre Nollkaemper) ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1
Chapter I - The Role of Human Rights in Limiting the Enforcement
Power of the Security Council: A Principled View (Erika de Wet) ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7
1. Introduction ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ f
2. The Implications of the Purposes and Principles of the UN Charter
for the Enforcement Powers of the Security Council ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8
2.1. The Content of a Right to a Fair Hearing‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 14
2.2. The Limitation of a Right to a Fair Hearing‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 17
2.3. The Potential Jus Cogens Status of the Right to a Fair Hearing‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 19
3. The Rights of States to reject illegal Security Council Resolutions
as a Right of Last Resort ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 24
4. Conclusion‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 28
Chapter ll - The Role of Human Rights in Limiting the Enforcement
Powers of the Security Council: A Practitioner's View (Anthony Aust)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 31
1. Introduction ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 31
2. Political Obstacles Undermining the Efficiency of the
Security Council‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 32
3. Can a Chapter Vll Measure 0verride Customary International Law? ‥‥ 34
4. Reviewing Security Council Measures before International and
National Courts ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 35
Chapter 111 - Implementation of Binding Security Council Resolutions
by the EU/EC (Pieter-Jan Kuijper.)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 39
1. Introduction ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 39
2. Why does the EU/EC Implement Binding Security Council
Resolutions under Chapter VIII of tile UN Charter? ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 40
3. The Relationship between the EU and the EC in Implementing
UN Sanctions‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 42
4. The Relationship between the EU/EC and the Member States in
Implementing UN Sanctions‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 47
j. The Relationship between the UN Sanctions Committees and the
EC Institutions, in Particular the Commission ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 50
6. To what Extent can EU/EC Political Institutions Modify or
"Second guess" Binding Security Council Resolutions? ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ i2
6.1, Economic Sanctions‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 52
6.2. Refusal of Visa ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 53
6.3 Blocking of Assets /Branding as a Terrorist (0rganization) ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 54
7. Concluding Remarks ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 55
Chapter IV - The Role of the ECJ in Implementing Security Council
Resolutions (p.1.G. Kapteyn)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 57
1. Introduction ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 57
2. The Status of Binding Security Council Resolutions in tile
EC Legal Order ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 57
3. Legal Protection by the ECI for Human Rights Violations by the
UN Security Council ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 59
Chapter V - The Domestic Implementation of UN Sanctions
(Vera Gowlland-Debbas) ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 63
1. The Problem of Accountability‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 63
2. The Problems Raised by Domestic Implementation of Sanctions‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 67
2.1. Domestic Implementation and the Question of Effectiveness ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 68
2.2. Domestic Implementation and the Question of Legitimacy‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 71
2.2.1. Review of the Validity of National Implementing Measures ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 71
2.2.2. Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 73
3. Concluding Remarks ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 75
Chapter Vl - Review of the Security Council by National Courts:
A Constitutional Perspective (Matthias Herdegen) ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 77
1. Introduction: Judicial Review by National Courts as a
"Constitutional" Issue in the International and the Domestic Order‥‥‥‥ 77
2. Parameters for Judicial Review 'The International Law Perspective ‥‥‥‥ 78
2.1. The Powers of the Security Council and their Limitations ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 78
2.1.1. Inherent Limitations under Chapter Vll ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 78
2.1.2. Respect of the Core of State Sovereignty‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 78
2.1.3. Jus Cogens ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 79
2.1.4. Human Rights Conventions‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 79
2.2. Limitations of Review under the UN Charter (article 25 and
article 48) and the Issue of Compliance ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 80
2.3. Judicial Review of Individual Sanctions ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 80
3. The Security Council and Core Values of International Law
from the Domestic Law Perspective ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 81
3.1. The Status of Security Council Resolutions in Domestic Law‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 81
3.1.1. Security Council Resolutions as Treaty Obligations‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 81
3.1.2. Privileged Status above Treaties (article 24 (1) and (2) of the
German Basic Law) ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 82
3.2. The Status of Core Values of International Law ((us Cogens) in
Domestic Law ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 82
3.3. Judicial Review and the Constitutional Hierarchy of Norms‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 83
Chapter Vll - Recent Swedish Experiences with Targeted UN Sanctions:
The Erosion of Trust in the Security Council (Per framer) ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 85
1. Introduction ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 85
2 The Formal Implementation of Security Council Resolutions
1267 (1999), 1333 (2000) and 1390 (2002) ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 86
1 Concrete Reactions in Sweden‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥
3.1. The Introduction of the Possibility for Humanitarian Exceptions ‥‥‥‥‥‥ 95
4. The Possibilities for a Legal Review of the Implementation Measures‥‥ 96
5. A·Devaluation of the General Confidence in the Security Council? ‥‥‥‥ 97
6. The Implementation of Security Council Resolution 1373 (2001) ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 99
7. A Swedish Initiative for Improvement of the Instrument of
Targeted Sanctions ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 102
8. Concluding Remarks ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥105
Chapter Vlll - Challenging the Establishment of the ICTY before the
Dutch Courts: The Case of Slobodan Milosevic v. The Netherlands nt
(Johan G. Lammers) ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥/
1. Introduction ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 107
2. The lodgment of the Hague District Court‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 108
3. Concluding Remarks ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 110
Chapter If - Challenging the Authority of the UN High Representative
before the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina
(Joseph Marko) ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1
1. Introduction ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 113
2. Challenging the Law on State folder Service ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 114
3. Challenging the Dismissal of Individuals in Public Office ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 116
4. Concluding Remarks ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥117
Chapter X - The Security Council's War on Terrorism: Problems and
Policy Options Jose E. Alvarez) ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥119
1. Introduction ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 119
2. On The Scope of the Council's Powers 123
2.1. The Limits Imposed by Human Rights Norms 125
2.2 The Relationship Between the Security Council and
Customary International Law 129
3. What will National Courts Do? 136
4. Ten Options for the Future 138
4.1. models of Review in the United States 138
4.2 Additional Policy Options 140
5. Concluding Remarks 144
List of Contributors ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ vii
Table of Contents ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ ix
Abbreviations ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ xv
Introduction (Erika de Wet & Andre Nollkaemper) ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1
Chapter I - The Role of Human Rights in Limiting the Enforcement
Power of the Security Council: A Principled View (Erika de Wet) ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 7
1. Introduction ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ f
2. The Implications of the Purposes and Principles of the UN Charter
for the Enforcement Powers of the Security Council ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 8
2.1. The Content of a Right to a Fair Hearing‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 14
2.2. The Limitation of a Right to a Fair Hearing‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 17
2.3. The Potential Jus Cogens Status of the Right to a Fair Hearing‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 19
3. The Rights of States to reject illegal Security Council Resolutions
as a Right of Last Resort ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 24
4. Conclusion‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 28
Chapter ll - The Role of Human Rights in Limiting the Enforcement
Powers of the Security Council: A Practitioner's View (Anthony Aust)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 31
1. Introduction ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 31
2. Political Obstacles Undermining the Efficiency of the
Security Council‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 32
3. Can a Chapter Vll Measure 0verride Customary International Law? ‥‥ 34
4. Reviewing Security Council Measures before International and
National Courts ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 35
Chapter 111 - Implementation of Binding Security Council Resolutions
by the EU/EC (Pieter-Jan Kuijper.)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 39
1. Introduction ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 39
2. Why does the EU/EC Implement Binding Security Council
Resolutions under Chapter VIII of tile UN Charter? ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 40
3. The Relationship between the EU and the EC in Implementing
UN Sanctions‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 42
4. The Relationship between the EU/EC and the Member States in
Implementing UN Sanctions‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 47
j. The Relationship between the UN Sanctions Committees and the
EC Institutions, in Particular the Commission ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 50
6. To what Extent can EU/EC Political Institutions Modify or
"Second guess" Binding Security Council Resolutions? ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ i2
6.1, Economic Sanctions‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 52
6.2. Refusal of Visa ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 53
6.3 Blocking of Assets /Branding as a Terrorist (0rganization) ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 54
7. Concluding Remarks ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 55
Chapter IV - The Role of the ECJ in Implementing Security Council
Resolutions (p.1.G. Kapteyn)‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 57
1. Introduction ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 57
2. The Status of Binding Security Council Resolutions in tile
EC Legal Order ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 57
3. Legal Protection by the ECI for Human Rights Violations by the
UN Security Council ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 59
Chapter V - The Domestic Implementation of UN Sanctions
(Vera Gowlland-Debbas) ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 63
1. The Problem of Accountability‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 63
2. The Problems Raised by Domestic Implementation of Sanctions‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 67
2.1. Domestic Implementation and the Question of Effectiveness ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 68
2.2. Domestic Implementation and the Question of Legitimacy‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 71
2.2.1. Review of the Validity of National Implementing Measures ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 71
2.2.2. Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 73
3. Concluding Remarks ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 75
Chapter Vl - Review of the Security Council by National Courts:
A Constitutional Perspective (Matthias Herdegen) ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 77
1. Introduction: Judicial Review by National Courts as a
"Constitutional" Issue in the International and the Domestic Order‥‥‥‥ 77
2. Parameters for Judicial Review 'The International Law Perspective ‥‥‥‥ 78
2.1. The Powers of the Security Council and their Limitations ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 78
2.1.1. Inherent Limitations under Chapter Vll ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 78
2.1.2. Respect of the Core of State Sovereignty‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 78
2.1.3. Jus Cogens ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 79
2.1.4. Human Rights Conventions‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 79
2.2. Limitations of Review under the UN Charter (article 25 and
article 48) and the Issue of Compliance ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 80
2.3. Judicial Review of Individual Sanctions ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 80
3. The Security Council and Core Values of International Law
from the Domestic Law Perspective ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 81
3.1. The Status of Security Council Resolutions in Domestic Law‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 81
3.1.1. Security Council Resolutions as Treaty Obligations‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 81
3.1.2. Privileged Status above Treaties (article 24 (1) and (2) of the
German Basic Law) ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 82
3.2. The Status of Core Values of International Law ((us Cogens) in
Domestic Law ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 82
3.3. Judicial Review and the Constitutional Hierarchy of Norms‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 83
Chapter Vll - Recent Swedish Experiences with Targeted UN Sanctions:
The Erosion of Trust in the Security Council (Per framer) ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 85
1. Introduction ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 85
2 The Formal Implementation of Security Council Resolutions
1267 (1999), 1333 (2000) and 1390 (2002) ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 86
1 Concrete Reactions in Sweden‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥
3.1. The Introduction of the Possibility for Humanitarian Exceptions ‥‥‥‥‥‥ 95
4. The Possibilities for a Legal Review of the Implementation Measures‥‥ 96
5. A·Devaluation of the General Confidence in the Security Council? ‥‥‥‥ 97
6. The Implementation of Security Council Resolution 1373 (2001) ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 99
7. A Swedish Initiative for Improvement of the Instrument of
Targeted Sanctions ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 102
8. Concluding Remarks ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥105
Chapter Vlll - Challenging the Establishment of the ICTY before the
Dutch Courts: The Case of Slobodan Milosevic v. The Netherlands nt
(Johan G. Lammers) ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥/
1. Introduction ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 107
2. The lodgment of the Hague District Court‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 108
3. Concluding Remarks ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 110
Chapter If - Challenging the Authority of the UN High Representative
before the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina
(Joseph Marko) ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1
1. Introduction ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 113
2. Challenging the Law on State folder Service ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 114
3. Challenging the Dismissal of Individuals in Public Office ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 116
4. Concluding Remarks ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥117
Chapter X - The Security Council's War on Terrorism: Problems and
Policy Options Jose E. Alvarez) ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥119
1. Introduction ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 119
2. On The Scope of the Council's Powers 123
2.1. The Limits Imposed by Human Rights Norms 125
2.2 The Relationship Between the Security Council and
Customary International Law 129
3. What will National Courts Do? 136
4. Ten Options for the Future 138
4.1. models of Review in the United States 138
4.2 Additional Policy Options 140
5. Concluding Remarks 144