PREFACE ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥v
INTRODUCTION: COMMUNITY LAW AS THE PATTERN
Of A LIBERAL YET INCOMPLETE LEGAL ORDER ‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1
5 1. LIBERAL ELEMENTS OF COMMUNITY LAW AND ITS
COMPLEMENTARY PATTERNS‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5
T. Overview: Internal market as starting point ‥‥‥‥‥5
ll. Developing complementary patterns to a liberal concept
of community law ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥7
111. Areas excluded: Environmental law, common policies,
Justice and Home Affairs, "third pillar"‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 9
2. SOURCES AND.METHODS OF Community LAW ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 13
1. Different sources of community law ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 13
ll. Direct effect and its limits ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 16
111. Methods of interpretation ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥24
IV. A community stare decisis doctrine? ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 34
3. COMMUNITY AND MEMBER STATE LAW‥‥‥‥‥‥ 36
1. The supremacy debate-discontinued ‥‥‥‥‥‥ 36
ll. Broad Yet limited competences ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 40
111. Principles of law harmonization ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥47
IV Community-conforming interpretation of national law ‥‥‥‥‥ 49
CHAPTERI.CITIZENSHIP AND FREE MOVEMENT ‥‥‥‥‥ 53
4. THE ECONOMIC ORICIN OF CITIZENSHIP: MARKET CITIZEN ‥‥ 56
I. The nature of free movement of citizens, its development,
scope and limitations ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥56
ll. Free movement of workers ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 58
III. Free movement of other economic players ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 65
IV. Residence of "pre" ?and "post" market citizens ‥‥‥‥ 68
5. THE CONCEPT OF UNI0N CITIZENSHIP: PRESENT
POSIT10N ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 70
1. Some uncertainties ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 70
ll. The legal core of union citizenship ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 71
III. Other criteria for establishing rights and duties in the Union ‥‥ 72
IV. Vertical added value to citizenship ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 73
V. Extension of citizenship ratione material ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 75
Vl. Extensions ratione personae ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 76
Vll. New Directive 2004/38 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 78
6. CITIZENSHIP, FREE MOVEMENT, NEW MEMBER STATES
AND BEYOND ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥79
1. Europe Agreements as a preliminary stage and their
direct effect‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥79
ll. Establishment: a new way to free movement and citizenship? ‥‥‥ 81
III. Citizenship and free Movement in the accession regimes ‥‥ 83
IV. Citizenship for non-nationals: Can it exist beyond the
nation state? ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥85
CHAPTER ll. OPENMARKETS ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥91
7. FREE MOVEMENT (1) - THE MEMBER STATES' TRUST
And SUPPORT Mission ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 95
1. Concept and nature of free movement ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥97
ll. Free movement of goods‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 100
111. Free movement of services ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 106
IV. Free movement of capital ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 110
V. Free movement of companies ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥112
Vl. State aid ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥117
8. FREE MOVEMENT (2) - THE EC AND ITS LEGISLATIVE
AND SUPERVISORY Mission ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 123
1. Control mechanisms: principles, methods, limitations ‥‥‥ 124
ll. "New approach" -The importance of technical standards ‥‥‥ 126
111. "Country of origin"-TV and e-commerce ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 128
IV. Stimulate competition-The case of public procurement ‥‥‥ 134
V. Monitoring of states aid by the commission ‥‥‥‥‥‥ 137
9. SAFE GUARDING FREE AND FAIR Competition ( 1) -
RULES FOR UNDERTAKINGS ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 140
1. Importance of the competition rules in the liberal EU regime ‥‥ 141
ll. Art.81 (1): Basic concepts ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥148
111. "New style" blocks exemption regulation for vertical
agreements: 2790/99 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 152
IV. "New style" regulation for motor vehicles: Reg. 1400/2002 ‥‥‥ 153
V. Abuse of market power‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 156
Vl. Public undertakings and monopolies ‥‥‥‥‥‥ 160
10. UNDISTORTED Competition (ll): PROTECTING
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 165
1. free movement vs. exclusivity of intellectual property rights ‥‥‥ 166
ll. The principle of exhaustion and its limits ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 170
111. Competition law and intellectual property rights ‥‥‥ 173
IV. Trade Mark Directive 89/104-A model for Community
intellectual property law ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 176
CHAPTER III. ADEQUATE STANDARDS ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 185
11.NON-DISCRIMINATI0N ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 190
1. Issues - Is there a general principle of equality in
Community law? ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥190
ll. Non-discrimination with regard to nationality ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 191
111. Non-discrimination with regard to gender ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 194
IV. Hon-discrimination with regard to rare, ethnic origin,
sexual orientation, age‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 205
12. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥209
1. Stages in the development of fundamental rights in the
Community ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥:‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 209
ll. The explicit reference of the Union Treaty to the ECHR
and the rejection of formal adherence‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 212
111. The Charter of fundamental Rights of the EU ‥‥‥‥‥ 216
13. LEGITIMATE Expectations ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥222
1. Overview of the concept of legitimate expectations‥‥‥‥‥‥ 223
ll. Consumer product safety: post market control of
consumer goods‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥225
III. Protection of health: the precautionary principle ‥‥‥ 227
IV. Legitimate expectations in consumer contracting: the example
of Directive99/44 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥230
V. Social policy and transfer of undertakings: Dir. 77/157 as
codified by Dir. 2001/23 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 232
14.JUDICIAL Protection ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 239
1. The principle of "effective judicial protection and control" . . . 239
ll. Cross-border judicial protection: Brussels Convention
and Regulation 44/2001 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 243
III. Indirect protection via the reference procedure ‥‥‥‥ 251
IV. Limited direct access to European jurisdictions: Art. 230 (4) EC . 256
CHAPTER IV.AUTONOMY‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥265
15. Fundamental FREEDOMS, COMPETITION AND
AUTONOMY‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥268
1. Freedoms within the law‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 268
ll. fundamental freedoms and autonomy ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥269
111. Competition law and autonomy ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥274
IV. Freedom of contract as a fundamental right? ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 277
16. AUTONOMY IN SECONDARY LAW INSTRUMENTS AND
DOCUMTNTS‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 279
1. Secondary law as facilitator and controller of autonomy ‥‥ 279
ll. Secondary Community law containing express guarantees
of autonomy ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 280
III. Freedom of choice of law under the Rome Convention and
its limits‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 284
IV European initiatives for a common contract law: the future
of autonomy‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥288
17. Information AND AUTONOMY ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥294
1. The information model in community law ‥‥‥‥‥‥ 294
ll. Secondary law: The transparency principle ‥‥‥‥‥295
III. The concept of the "informed consumer" and the standard
of deception‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥297
IV. Express information obligations in secondary Community
law ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥299
* SCAN0000.PCX *
CHAPTER V.GOVERNANCE AND ACCOUNT Ability‥‥‥‥‥ 303
18. GOVERNANCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE
CMMUNITY LEGAL ORDER ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥307
1. Governance as a balance to autonomy ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥307
ll. The political and the legal concepts of governance ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 307
111. Principles of community liability ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 315
19. GOYERNANCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY OF MEMBER
STATES‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥321
I. Member states as the key figures of governance ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 321
ll. The Francovich doctrine ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥322
III. Getting the Member State to art or not to act‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 327
IV The duty to provide adequate remedies: ubi ius, ibi remedium . . 329
20. COVERNANCE AND RESPONSIBILITY Of UNDERTAKINGS ‥‥‥ 330
1. Primary community law: rules on competition‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 330
ll. Compensation for violations of directly applicable
provisions of primary community law‥‥‥‥‥‥‥334
Ill. Violations of secondary law ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥335
IV. Conflict rules applicable to non-contractual obligations. . 344
521. GOVERNANCE AND RESPONSIBILITY Of CITIZENS -
A BLIND SPOT? ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 347
1. The European citizen "King"‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 347
ll. Is there a duty to loyalty? ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 347
111. "Abus de droit" and "social function of rights" as a
substitute for obligations? ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥349
CASE REGISTER ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥353
European court of justice ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 353
Opinions of the European Court of justice ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 379
European court of first instance ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥379
TABLE OF SECONDARY Legislation ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 381
Regulations ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 381
Directives‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 383
INTRODUCTION: COMMUNITY LAW AS THE PATTERN
Of A LIBERAL YET INCOMPLETE LEGAL ORDER ‥‥‥‥‥‥ 1
5 1. LIBERAL ELEMENTS OF COMMUNITY LAW AND ITS
COMPLEMENTARY PATTERNS‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 5
T. Overview: Internal market as starting point ‥‥‥‥‥5
ll. Developing complementary patterns to a liberal concept
of community law ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥7
111. Areas excluded: Environmental law, common policies,
Justice and Home Affairs, "third pillar"‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 9
2. SOURCES AND.METHODS OF Community LAW ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 13
1. Different sources of community law ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 13
ll. Direct effect and its limits ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 16
111. Methods of interpretation ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥24
IV. A community stare decisis doctrine? ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 34
3. COMMUNITY AND MEMBER STATE LAW‥‥‥‥‥‥ 36
1. The supremacy debate-discontinued ‥‥‥‥‥‥ 36
ll. Broad Yet limited competences ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 40
111. Principles of law harmonization ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥47
IV Community-conforming interpretation of national law ‥‥‥‥‥ 49
CHAPTERI.CITIZENSHIP AND FREE MOVEMENT ‥‥‥‥‥ 53
4. THE ECONOMIC ORICIN OF CITIZENSHIP: MARKET CITIZEN ‥‥ 56
I. The nature of free movement of citizens, its development,
scope and limitations ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥56
ll. Free movement of workers ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 58
III. Free movement of other economic players ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 65
IV. Residence of "pre" ?and "post" market citizens ‥‥‥‥ 68
5. THE CONCEPT OF UNI0N CITIZENSHIP: PRESENT
POSIT10N ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 70
1. Some uncertainties ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 70
ll. The legal core of union citizenship ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 71
III. Other criteria for establishing rights and duties in the Union ‥‥ 72
IV. Vertical added value to citizenship ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 73
V. Extension of citizenship ratione material ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 75
Vl. Extensions ratione personae ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 76
Vll. New Directive 2004/38 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 78
6. CITIZENSHIP, FREE MOVEMENT, NEW MEMBER STATES
AND BEYOND ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥79
1. Europe Agreements as a preliminary stage and their
direct effect‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥79
ll. Establishment: a new way to free movement and citizenship? ‥‥‥ 81
III. Citizenship and free Movement in the accession regimes ‥‥ 83
IV. Citizenship for non-nationals: Can it exist beyond the
nation state? ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥85
CHAPTER ll. OPENMARKETS ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥91
7. FREE MOVEMENT (1) - THE MEMBER STATES' TRUST
And SUPPORT Mission ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 95
1. Concept and nature of free movement ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥97
ll. Free movement of goods‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 100
111. Free movement of services ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 106
IV. Free movement of capital ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 110
V. Free movement of companies ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥112
Vl. State aid ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥117
8. FREE MOVEMENT (2) - THE EC AND ITS LEGISLATIVE
AND SUPERVISORY Mission ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 123
1. Control mechanisms: principles, methods, limitations ‥‥‥ 124
ll. "New approach" -The importance of technical standards ‥‥‥ 126
111. "Country of origin"-TV and e-commerce ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 128
IV. Stimulate competition-The case of public procurement ‥‥‥ 134
V. Monitoring of states aid by the commission ‥‥‥‥‥‥ 137
9. SAFE GUARDING FREE AND FAIR Competition ( 1) -
RULES FOR UNDERTAKINGS ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 140
1. Importance of the competition rules in the liberal EU regime ‥‥ 141
ll. Art.81 (1): Basic concepts ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥148
111. "New style" blocks exemption regulation for vertical
agreements: 2790/99 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 152
IV. "New style" regulation for motor vehicles: Reg. 1400/2002 ‥‥‥ 153
V. Abuse of market power‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 156
Vl. Public undertakings and monopolies ‥‥‥‥‥‥ 160
10. UNDISTORTED Competition (ll): PROTECTING
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 165
1. free movement vs. exclusivity of intellectual property rights ‥‥‥ 166
ll. The principle of exhaustion and its limits ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 170
111. Competition law and intellectual property rights ‥‥‥ 173
IV. Trade Mark Directive 89/104-A model for Community
intellectual property law ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 176
CHAPTER III. ADEQUATE STANDARDS ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 185
11.NON-DISCRIMINATI0N ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 190
1. Issues - Is there a general principle of equality in
Community law? ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥190
ll. Non-discrimination with regard to nationality ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 191
111. Non-discrimination with regard to gender ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 194
IV. Hon-discrimination with regard to rare, ethnic origin,
sexual orientation, age‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 205
12. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥209
1. Stages in the development of fundamental rights in the
Community ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥:‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 209
ll. The explicit reference of the Union Treaty to the ECHR
and the rejection of formal adherence‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 212
111. The Charter of fundamental Rights of the EU ‥‥‥‥‥ 216
13. LEGITIMATE Expectations ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥222
1. Overview of the concept of legitimate expectations‥‥‥‥‥‥ 223
ll. Consumer product safety: post market control of
consumer goods‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥225
III. Protection of health: the precautionary principle ‥‥‥ 227
IV. Legitimate expectations in consumer contracting: the example
of Directive99/44 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥230
V. Social policy and transfer of undertakings: Dir. 77/157 as
codified by Dir. 2001/23 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 232
14.JUDICIAL Protection ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 239
1. The principle of "effective judicial protection and control" . . . 239
ll. Cross-border judicial protection: Brussels Convention
and Regulation 44/2001 ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 243
III. Indirect protection via the reference procedure ‥‥‥‥ 251
IV. Limited direct access to European jurisdictions: Art. 230 (4) EC . 256
CHAPTER IV.AUTONOMY‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥265
15. Fundamental FREEDOMS, COMPETITION AND
AUTONOMY‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥268
1. Freedoms within the law‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 268
ll. fundamental freedoms and autonomy ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥269
111. Competition law and autonomy ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥274
IV. Freedom of contract as a fundamental right? ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 277
16. AUTONOMY IN SECONDARY LAW INSTRUMENTS AND
DOCUMTNTS‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 279
1. Secondary law as facilitator and controller of autonomy ‥‥ 279
ll. Secondary Community law containing express guarantees
of autonomy ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 280
III. Freedom of choice of law under the Rome Convention and
its limits‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 284
IV European initiatives for a common contract law: the future
of autonomy‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥288
17. Information AND AUTONOMY ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥294
1. The information model in community law ‥‥‥‥‥‥ 294
ll. Secondary law: The transparency principle ‥‥‥‥‥295
III. The concept of the "informed consumer" and the standard
of deception‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥297
IV. Express information obligations in secondary Community
law ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥299
* SCAN0000.PCX *
CHAPTER V.GOVERNANCE AND ACCOUNT Ability‥‥‥‥‥ 303
18. GOVERNANCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN THE
CMMUNITY LEGAL ORDER ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥307
1. Governance as a balance to autonomy ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥307
ll. The political and the legal concepts of governance ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 307
111. Principles of community liability ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 315
19. GOYERNANCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY OF MEMBER
STATES‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥321
I. Member states as the key figures of governance ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 321
ll. The Francovich doctrine ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥322
III. Getting the Member State to art or not to act‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 327
IV The duty to provide adequate remedies: ubi ius, ibi remedium . . 329
20. COVERNANCE AND RESPONSIBILITY Of UNDERTAKINGS ‥‥‥ 330
1. Primary community law: rules on competition‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 330
ll. Compensation for violations of directly applicable
provisions of primary community law‥‥‥‥‥‥‥334
Ill. Violations of secondary law ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥335
IV. Conflict rules applicable to non-contractual obligations. . 344
521. GOVERNANCE AND RESPONSIBILITY Of CITIZENS -
A BLIND SPOT? ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 347
1. The European citizen "King"‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 347
ll. Is there a duty to loyalty? ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 347
111. "Abus de droit" and "social function of rights" as a
substitute for obligations? ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥349
CASE REGISTER ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥353
European court of justice ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 353
Opinions of the European Court of justice ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 379
European court of first instance ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥379
TABLE OF SECONDARY Legislation ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 381
Regulations ‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 381
Directives‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥‥ 383