I. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS = 1
Methodology = 3
Outline of Report = 3
Recommendations = 4
To minimize the humanitarian harm of cluster bombs during strikes = 4
To minimize the aftereffects of cluster bombs = 4
To improve clearance = 4
To develop better cluster bomb controls for the future = 5
II. WHAT ARE CLUSTER BOMBS? = 6
III. CONCERNS ABOUT CLUSTER BOMBS = 8
Humanitarian Problems = 8
Cluster Bombs and International Humanitarian Law = 10
Proposed Cluster Bomb Protocol: CCW Process = 13
IV. CLUSTER BOMB USE IN AFGHANISTAN = 15
The War in Afghanistan = 15
Public Debate over Cluster Bombs = 16
V. TARGETING, OR IMMEDIATE EFFECTS = 20
Military Bases and Frontlines = 20
Controversial Targets: Cluster Bombs in Villages = 21
Ainger = 21
Ishaq Suleiman = 21
Qala Shater = 23
Conclusions and Recommendations = 23
VI. AFTEREFFECTS = 25
Civilian Casualties from Duds = 25
Socioeconomic Impact = 28
Military Impact = 29
Conclusions and Recommendations = 30
VII. CLEARANCE EFFORTS = 32
Cluster Clearance in Afghanistan = 32
Clearance Difficulties and Dangers = 34
Awareness (Risk Education) Programs = 35
U.S. Role = 36
Conclusions and Recommendations = 38
VIII. PRIOR U.S. USE OF CLUSTER BOMBS = 40
The Gulf War = 40
Yugoslavia = 41
Afghanistan: Lessons Learned and Not Learned = 42
Conclusion: Lessons for the Future = 43
APPENDIX: CLUSTER BOMB INCIDENTS = 44
Central Region (Shomali Plain) = 44
Northern Region (area around Kunduz and Mazar-i-Sharif) = 45
Southern Region (area around Kandahar) = 46
Western Region (area around Herat) = 46
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS = 51
Methodology = 3
Outline of Report = 3
Recommendations = 4
To minimize the humanitarian harm of cluster bombs during strikes = 4
To minimize the aftereffects of cluster bombs = 4
To improve clearance = 4
To develop better cluster bomb controls for the future = 5
II. WHAT ARE CLUSTER BOMBS? = 6
III. CONCERNS ABOUT CLUSTER BOMBS = 8
Humanitarian Problems = 8
Cluster Bombs and International Humanitarian Law = 10
Proposed Cluster Bomb Protocol: CCW Process = 13
IV. CLUSTER BOMB USE IN AFGHANISTAN = 15
The War in Afghanistan = 15
Public Debate over Cluster Bombs = 16
V. TARGETING, OR IMMEDIATE EFFECTS = 20
Military Bases and Frontlines = 20
Controversial Targets: Cluster Bombs in Villages = 21
Ainger = 21
Ishaq Suleiman = 21
Qala Shater = 23
Conclusions and Recommendations = 23
VI. AFTEREFFECTS = 25
Civilian Casualties from Duds = 25
Socioeconomic Impact = 28
Military Impact = 29
Conclusions and Recommendations = 30
VII. CLEARANCE EFFORTS = 32
Cluster Clearance in Afghanistan = 32
Clearance Difficulties and Dangers = 34
Awareness (Risk Education) Programs = 35
U.S. Role = 36
Conclusions and Recommendations = 38
VIII. PRIOR U.S. USE OF CLUSTER BOMBS = 40
The Gulf War = 40
Yugoslavia = 41
Afghanistan: Lessons Learned and Not Learned = 42
Conclusion: Lessons for the Future = 43
APPENDIX: CLUSTER BOMB INCIDENTS = 44
Central Region (Shomali Plain) = 44
Northern Region (area around Kunduz and Mazar-i-Sharif) = 45
Southern Region (area around Kandahar) = 46
Western Region (area around Herat) = 46
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS = 51