<<1999>>
Introduction
A. Globalization, gender and recent labour market trends
B. Economic role of gender in the context of globalization
C. Organization of chapters
I. Globalization of trade, capital and finance = 1
A. Trade liberalization and expansion after the Second World War = 2
B. Mobility of physical capital and foreign direct investment = 3
C. Financial liberalization and portfolio investment = 6
II. Employment and displacement effects of globalization = 8
A. Employment effects = 9
B. Displacement effects = 12
C. Assessing the employment effects of globalization = 13
III. Internationalization of production, reorganization of work and “flexibilization” of labour = 21
A. Transformation of work = 21
B. The rise of flexible jobs = 22
C. Changing patterns of international labour mobility = 31
IV. Changing patterns of rural women’s work = 37
A. Counting rural women’s work = 37
B. Commercialization and market liberalization in agriculture = 42
C. Responses to market economy at the household level = 42
V. Transformation of the public policy environment = 46
A. Deflationary bias in macroeconomic policy = 46
B. Increased risk and volatility = 48
C. Diminishing role of the State and social protection gap = 50
VI. Conclusion and gender-aware policy framework= 55
A. Summary of labour market trends = 55
B. Impact on gender relations = 56
C. Towards a gender-aware policy agenda = 57
<<2004>>
I. Introduction = 1
A. Background = 3
B. Trends in international migration = 6
C. Trends in the international migration of women = 9
D. Data limitations = 11
E. Organization of the World Survey on the Role of Women in Development = 12
II. Gender equality and international migration = 14
A. Understanding gender equality and migration = 14
B. Incorporating gender perspectives in migration = 15
C. Gender perspectives on the causes and consequences of migration = 16
III. Migration, poverty reduction and sustainable development = 19
A. Preventing irregular flows of migrants = 19
B. Migrants as a resource for poverty reduction and development = 20
IV. Family and labour migration = 27
A. Family formation and reunification = 27
B. Labour migration = 30
C. Protecting the rights of migrant women = 34
V. Refugees and displaced persons = 43
A. Legal protection of refugee and displaced women = 43
B. Physical safety and security = 46
C. Access to assistance and self-support opportunities = 48
D. Peace, repatriation and reconstruction = 53
E. Refugee resettlement = 54
VI. Human trafficking and smuggling = 56
A. Human smuggling = 56
B. Human trafficking = 56
C. Responses to trafficking = 57
VII. Gender roles and integration of migrant women = 62
A. Gender roles and family relations = 62
B. Economic integration of migrant women = 64
C. Economic and social impact on destination countries = 67
D. Citizenship and civic participation = 68
VIII Health and HIV/AIDS = 71
IX Conclusions and the way forward = 74
References = 81
Introduction
A. Globalization, gender and recent labour market trends
B. Economic role of gender in the context of globalization
C. Organization of chapters
I. Globalization of trade, capital and finance = 1
A. Trade liberalization and expansion after the Second World War = 2
B. Mobility of physical capital and foreign direct investment = 3
C. Financial liberalization and portfolio investment = 6
II. Employment and displacement effects of globalization = 8
A. Employment effects = 9
B. Displacement effects = 12
C. Assessing the employment effects of globalization = 13
III. Internationalization of production, reorganization of work and “flexibilization” of labour = 21
A. Transformation of work = 21
B. The rise of flexible jobs = 22
C. Changing patterns of international labour mobility = 31
IV. Changing patterns of rural women’s work = 37
A. Counting rural women’s work = 37
B. Commercialization and market liberalization in agriculture = 42
C. Responses to market economy at the household level = 42
V. Transformation of the public policy environment = 46
A. Deflationary bias in macroeconomic policy = 46
B. Increased risk and volatility = 48
C. Diminishing role of the State and social protection gap = 50
VI. Conclusion and gender-aware policy framework= 55
A. Summary of labour market trends = 55
B. Impact on gender relations = 56
C. Towards a gender-aware policy agenda = 57
<<2004>>
I. Introduction = 1
A. Background = 3
B. Trends in international migration = 6
C. Trends in the international migration of women = 9
D. Data limitations = 11
E. Organization of the World Survey on the Role of Women in Development = 12
II. Gender equality and international migration = 14
A. Understanding gender equality and migration = 14
B. Incorporating gender perspectives in migration = 15
C. Gender perspectives on the causes and consequences of migration = 16
III. Migration, poverty reduction and sustainable development = 19
A. Preventing irregular flows of migrants = 19
B. Migrants as a resource for poverty reduction and development = 20
IV. Family and labour migration = 27
A. Family formation and reunification = 27
B. Labour migration = 30
C. Protecting the rights of migrant women = 34
V. Refugees and displaced persons = 43
A. Legal protection of refugee and displaced women = 43
B. Physical safety and security = 46
C. Access to assistance and self-support opportunities = 48
D. Peace, repatriation and reconstruction = 53
E. Refugee resettlement = 54
VI. Human trafficking and smuggling = 56
A. Human smuggling = 56
B. Human trafficking = 56
C. Responses to trafficking = 57
VII. Gender roles and integration of migrant women = 62
A. Gender roles and family relations = 62
B. Economic integration of migrant women = 64
C. Economic and social impact on destination countries = 67
D. Citizenship and civic participation = 68
VIII Health and HIV/AIDS = 71
IX Conclusions and the way forward = 74
References = 81