Introduction The objectives of human resources development and training = 1
The general discussion = 2
Chapter I. Globalization, technological change and new organization: The development of new skills and competencies = 5
Introduction = 5
The gradual shift towards a knowledge- and skills-based society = 5
Technological change = 6
New work organization and human resources management = 7
Labour market implications: Employment, skills and competencies = 8
Declining permanent employment, rising job instability and perceptions of insecurity = 8
Non-standard forms of work = 9
Reliance on the external labour market = 10
A growing informal sector = 11
Labour market implications: Wages and earnings = 11
Chapter II. Training for improved competitiveness, employability and shared prosperity
Introduction = 14
The skills gap: Overview of major shortcomings in HRD and skill formation = 14
Promoting employability, productivity and social inclusion = 15
Training and employability = 16
General education = 17
Vocational education and initial training = 18
Continuous education and training = 20
Lifelong learning for lifelong employability: A major challenge = 20
Continuous education and training: Growing and diversified demand = 21
Extending lifelong learning to all: meeting the challenge = 26
Chapter III. Youth employment and training
Introduction = 28
Youth employment problems: The evidence = 29
Policies and programmes = 36
Vocational education and initial training = 37
The role of labour market information and vocational guidance = 39
Chapter IV. Training policy and system change: governance, dialogue and new partnerships = 41
Introduction = 41
Source and trends of training policy and system reforms = 41
Demand-driven changes: Training as an investment = 42
Addressing the problems of unemployment = 43
Improving the quality and efficiency of training = 44
Increasing investments in training and sharing the cost = 45
Governance and partners in training: Towards new roles and responsibilities = 46
New role sharing between the State and the private sector = 47
Developing an institutional framework and the capacity of actors for dialogue and partnership = 49
Training for groups and sectors with special needs: The role of the partners = 50
Labour market information and vocational guidance = 52
Labour market and training information = 52
A new role for guidance, counselling and recognition of skills and competencies = 53
Vocational guidance: The changing role of public employment services = 54
Conclusions = 57
Points for discussion = 61
The general discussion = 2
Chapter I. Globalization, technological change and new organization: The development of new skills and competencies = 5
Introduction = 5
The gradual shift towards a knowledge- and skills-based society = 5
Technological change = 6
New work organization and human resources management = 7
Labour market implications: Employment, skills and competencies = 8
Declining permanent employment, rising job instability and perceptions of insecurity = 8
Non-standard forms of work = 9
Reliance on the external labour market = 10
A growing informal sector = 11
Labour market implications: Wages and earnings = 11
Chapter II. Training for improved competitiveness, employability and shared prosperity
Introduction = 14
The skills gap: Overview of major shortcomings in HRD and skill formation = 14
Promoting employability, productivity and social inclusion = 15
Training and employability = 16
General education = 17
Vocational education and initial training = 18
Continuous education and training = 20
Lifelong learning for lifelong employability: A major challenge = 20
Continuous education and training: Growing and diversified demand = 21
Extending lifelong learning to all: meeting the challenge = 26
Chapter III. Youth employment and training
Introduction = 28
Youth employment problems: The evidence = 29
Policies and programmes = 36
Vocational education and initial training = 37
The role of labour market information and vocational guidance = 39
Chapter IV. Training policy and system change: governance, dialogue and new partnerships = 41
Introduction = 41
Source and trends of training policy and system reforms = 41
Demand-driven changes: Training as an investment = 42
Addressing the problems of unemployment = 43
Improving the quality and efficiency of training = 44
Increasing investments in training and sharing the cost = 45
Governance and partners in training: Towards new roles and responsibilities = 46
New role sharing between the State and the private sector = 47
Developing an institutional framework and the capacity of actors for dialogue and partnership = 49
Training for groups and sectors with special needs: The role of the partners = 50
Labour market information and vocational guidance = 52
Labour market and training information = 52
A new role for guidance, counselling and recognition of skills and competencies = 53
Vocational guidance: The changing role of public employment services = 54
Conclusions = 57
Points for discussion = 61