Foreword xiii
1. What Are Human Rights? 1
2. History of Human Rights 9
2.1. Philosophical Foundations 9
2.2. Fundamental Rights and Constitutionalism 14
2.3. Historical Antecedents of the International Protection of Human Rights 16
2.4. The League of Nations 20
2.5. International Human Rights Law as a Reaction to National Socialism 21
2.6. Three Generations (Dimensions) of Human Rights as Ideological Concepts during the Cold War 23
2.7. All Human Rights for All: Universality, Indivisibility, Equality and Interdependence of Human Rights 25
2.8. From Promotion to Protection and Prevention 27
3. International Human Rights Protection--Context and Conceptions 33
3.1 Human Rights in Context 33
3.1.1. Human Rights versus National Sovereignty 33
3.1.2. Human Rights Protection--An Atypical Task of International Law 35
3.1.3. Human Rights Protection: International and National Law 36
3.1.4. Human Rights Law, Humanitarian Law, Refugee Law 38
3.1.5. Human Rights and Peace 40
3.1.6. Human Rights and Development 43
3.1.7. Human Rights and Democracy, the Rule of Law, Good Governance and Popular Participation 45
3.2. Human Rights Theory 48
3.2.1. Obligations of States to Respect, Fulfil and Protect Human Rights 48
3.2.2. Horizontal Effects of Human Rights 51
3.2.3. State Responsibility and Individual Responsibility 54
3.2.4. Restrictions and Limitations of Human Rights 56
3.2.5. The Principle of Proportionality and the Margin of Appreciation 59
3.2.6. Prohibition of Discrimination 61
3.2.7. Right to Effective Remedy and Reparation for Human Rights Violations 63
3.2.8. Rules of Interpretation of Human Rights Treaties 64
3.3. Overview of the International Human Rights System 67
4. United Nations 73
4.1. UN Charter 73
4.2. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) 75
4.3. Human Rights Treaties and Monitoring Mechanisms 78
4.3.1. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (CCPR) 78
4.3.2. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) 81
4.3.3. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) 83
4.3.4. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) 86
4.3.5. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT) 88
4.3.6. Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) 91
4.3.7. Other Major UN Human Rights Treaties 94
4.3.8. Treaty Monitoring Bodies 96
4.3.9. State Reporting Procedure 97
4.3.10. Complaints Procedure 99
4.3.11. Inquiry Procedure 103
4.4. Charter Based Organs and Mechanisms 104
4.4.1. Commission on Human Rights (CHR) 104
4.4.1.1. General Remarks 104
4.4.1.2. ECOSOC Resolution 1235 (XLII) of 6 June 1967 107
4.4.1.3. ECOSOC Resolution 1503 (XLVIII) of 27 May 1970 108
4.4.1.4. Country Specific Mechanisms 110
4.4.1.5. Thematic Mechanisms 115
4.4.1.6. Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights 117
4.4.2. Commission on the Status of Women 119
4.4.3. Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice 121
4.4.4. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) 122
4.4.5. Trusteeship Council 124
4.4.6. General Assembly 125
4.4.7. Security Council 129
4.4.8. Secretary General 131
4.4.8.1. Structure of the Secretariat and Coordination Mechanisms 131
4.4.8.2. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in Geneva (UNHCHR) 133
4.4.8.3. Division for the Advancement of Women (DAW), New York 134
4.4.8.4. Centre for International Crime Prevention (CICP), Vienna 135
4.4.8.5. Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Geneva 135
4.4.8.6. United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), New York 137
4.4.8.7. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), New York 137
4.4.8.8. Other Relevant UN Offices and Departments 138
4.5. UN Specialized Agencies 139
4.5.1. 'The United Nations Family' 139
4.5.2. International Labour Organization (ILO), Geneva 141
4.5.3. UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Paris 142
4.5.4. World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva 143
4.5.5. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome 143
4.5.6. World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF), Washington 144
4.5.7. The World Trade Organization (WTO), Geneva 146
4.6. Main World Conferences 147
4.6.1. Second World Conference on Human Rights, Vienna 1993 148
4.6.2. Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing 1995 150
4.6.3. First World Social Summit, Copenhagen 1995 151
4.6.4. Third World Conference Against Racism, Durban 2001 152
5. Council of Europe (CoE) 157
5.1. The Three Pillars of the Council of Europe: Democracy, Rule of Law and Human Rights--Theory and Practice 157
5.2. European Convention on Human Rights 160
5.2.1. The Traditional Concept of Civil and Political Rights 160
5.2.2. Gradual Development of the Strasbourg Mechanism 161
5.2.3. Inter-State Complaints Procedure 165
5.2.4. Individual Complaints Procedure 168
5.3. European Social Charter (ESC) 173
5.4. European Convention for the Prevention of Torture (ECPT) 176
5.5. European Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities 179
5.6. European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages 181
5.7. European Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine 181
5.8. European Commissioner for Human Rights 183
5.9. European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) 184
5.10. Other Relevant Treaties and Mechanisms 185
6. Organization of American States (OAS) 189
6.1. From the Pan-American Union to the OAS 189
6.2. Purposes and Structures of the OAS 190
6.3. American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man 191
6.4. Charter Based Mechanisms 192
6.4.1. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 193
6.4.2. Individual Complaints System (based on OAS Charter) 194
6.4.3. Country Reports 195
6.5. American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR) 196
6.5.1. Individual complaints procedure 197
6.5.2. Inter-state Complaints Procedure 198
6.5.3. Inter-American Court of Human Rights: Competence 199
6.5.4. Inter-American Court of Human Rights: Judgements on Individual Complaints 200
6.6. Other Relevant Treaties and Mechanisms 201
7. Organization of African Unity (OAU)/African Union (AU) 203
7.1. Organization of African Unity (OAU) 203
7.2. African Union 204
7.3. Human Rights and Colonialism 205
7.4. African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 206
7.4.1. The African Concept of Individual and Collective Rights and Duties 207
7.4.2. African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights 207
7.4.3. African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights (to be established) 208
7.4.4. Inter-State Complaints Procedure 209
7.4.5. Individual Complaints Procedure 210
7.5. Other Relevant Treaties and Mechanisms 211
8. Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) 215
8.1. From CSCE to OSCE 216
8.2. The CSCE during the Cold War 218
8.3. Human Dimension 219
8.4. Human Dimension Mechanisms 221
8.5. Charter of Paris for a New Europe 222
8.6. The CSCE in Search of a New Identity 223
8.7. The OSCE: Structures and Institutions 224
8.8. Human Rights as Part of a Comprehensive Security Concept 226
8.9. High Commissioner on National Minorities (HCNM) 227
8.10. OSCE Representative on Freedom of Media 228
8.11. Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) 229
8.12. OSCE Field Missions and Activities 230
9. European Union (EU) 235
9.1. The Significance of Human Rights in the Process of European Integration 236
9.2. Human Rights as Admission Criteria 238
9.3. Human Rights within the EU 228
9.3.1. The Significance and Status of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) 239
9.3.2. Jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in Luxembourg 239
9.3.3. Asylum and Migration Policy 240
9.3.4. Protection against Discrimination in the European Union 241
9.3.5. European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC) 242
9.4. Human Rights and EU External Relations 242
9.4.1. Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) 243
9.4.2. Human Rights and Development Cooperation 244
9.4.3. Lome Conventions and Cotonou Agreement 245
9.4.4. Human Rights Clauses in Bilateral Treaties of the EU 246
9.5. Recent Developments 246
9.5.1. 'Leading by Example': A 'Human Rights Agenda' for the European Union for the Year 2000 247
9.5.2. Vienna Declaration of the EU of 10 December 1998 248
9.5.3. EU Annual Report on Human Rights 248
9.5.4. EU Charter of Fundamental Rights of 7 December 2000 249
10. Efforts of Other Regional Organizations to Protect Human Rights 253
10.1. Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) 254
10.2. League of Arab States 255
11. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOS) 257
11.1. NGOs as Part of Civil Society 257
11.2. Fact Finding and 'Mobilization of Shame' 258
11.3. The Contribution of NGOs to the Work of IGOs 259
11.4. UN Declaration on Human Rights Defenders 260
11.5. Well-Known International Human Rights NGOs 261
12. Traditional Procedures and Mechanisms for the International Protection of Human Rights 265
12.1. State Reporting Procedure 265
12.2. Inter-State Complaints Procedure 266
12.3. Individual Complaints Procedure 267
12.4. Inquiry Procedure 268
12.5. Other Forms of Fact-Finding, Investigation and Reporting 269
12.6. System of Visits 270
13. Shortcomings of Traditional Procedures and New Trends in the International Human Rights Regime 273
14. Mechanisms for the Prevention of Human Rights Violations 277
14.1. UN Preventive Deployment Force in Macedonia (UNPREDEP) 278
14.2. Burundi Field Mission of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR) 280
14.3. OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities (HCNM)-Case Studies 282
14.4. UN Declaration and UN Working Group on Enforced Disappearances 283
14.5. Austria and the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture (CTP) 286
15. Individual Criminal Responsibility for Serious Human Rights Violations 289
15.1. The Struggle against Impunity at the National Level: The 'Dirty War' in Argentina 290
15.2. The Principle of Universal Jurisdiction under the UN Convention against Torture (CAT): The Case of Hissein Habre in Senegal 291
15.3. Diplomatic Immunity versus Criminal Responsibility: The Pinochet Case Before the British House of Lords 293
15.4. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 295
15.5. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) 297
15.6. The Long and Winding Road to the Adoption of the Rome Statute for an International Criminal Court (ICC) 298
15.7. International Criminal Court (ICC) 299
15.8. The Concept of Crimes against Humanity 301
15.9. Challenges for the ICC 302
16. Human Rights and the Maintenance of Peace and Security 307
16.1. Chapter VII UN Charter: Powers of the UN Security Council in the Event of a Threat to the Peace, Breach of the Peace or Act of Aggression 307
16.2. The Security Council and Human Rights 308
16.3. Sanctions of the Security Council under Article 41 312
16.4. Structure of the Dayton Peace Agreement for Bosnia and Herzegovina 315
16.5. UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) 319
16.6. UN Observer Mission in El Salvador (ONUSAL) 320
16.7. First Field Presence of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights: UN Field Operation in Rwanda (HRFOR) 321
16.8. Between Peacekeeping and Protectorate: UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) 322
16.9. Comprehensive Peace Operation: The International Community's Quasi Protectorate in Bosnia and Herzegovina 324
16.10. Self-Determination and UN Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) 326
16.11. Human Rights Protection by the Security Council as a Direct Consequence of International Peace Making: Case Study Iraq 328
16.12. Humanitarian Intervention for the Protection of Human Rights in 'Failed States': Case Study Somalia 330
16.13. The Tanzanian Intervention in Uganda in 1979: A 'Humanitarian Intervention'? 332
16.14. NATO Humanitarian Intervention for the Protection of Human Rights: Case Study Kosovo 334
16.15. Human Rights and the Fight against Terrorism: Case Study Afghanistan 336
17. Challenges for the Future 339
Abbreviations 349
Casebox Index 353
Name Index 355
Subject Index 357
1. What Are Human Rights? 1
2. History of Human Rights 9
2.1. Philosophical Foundations 9
2.2. Fundamental Rights and Constitutionalism 14
2.3. Historical Antecedents of the International Protection of Human Rights 16
2.4. The League of Nations 20
2.5. International Human Rights Law as a Reaction to National Socialism 21
2.6. Three Generations (Dimensions) of Human Rights as Ideological Concepts during the Cold War 23
2.7. All Human Rights for All: Universality, Indivisibility, Equality and Interdependence of Human Rights 25
2.8. From Promotion to Protection and Prevention 27
3. International Human Rights Protection--Context and Conceptions 33
3.1 Human Rights in Context 33
3.1.1. Human Rights versus National Sovereignty 33
3.1.2. Human Rights Protection--An Atypical Task of International Law 35
3.1.3. Human Rights Protection: International and National Law 36
3.1.4. Human Rights Law, Humanitarian Law, Refugee Law 38
3.1.5. Human Rights and Peace 40
3.1.6. Human Rights and Development 43
3.1.7. Human Rights and Democracy, the Rule of Law, Good Governance and Popular Participation 45
3.2. Human Rights Theory 48
3.2.1. Obligations of States to Respect, Fulfil and Protect Human Rights 48
3.2.2. Horizontal Effects of Human Rights 51
3.2.3. State Responsibility and Individual Responsibility 54
3.2.4. Restrictions and Limitations of Human Rights 56
3.2.5. The Principle of Proportionality and the Margin of Appreciation 59
3.2.6. Prohibition of Discrimination 61
3.2.7. Right to Effective Remedy and Reparation for Human Rights Violations 63
3.2.8. Rules of Interpretation of Human Rights Treaties 64
3.3. Overview of the International Human Rights System 67
4. United Nations 73
4.1. UN Charter 73
4.2. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) 75
4.3. Human Rights Treaties and Monitoring Mechanisms 78
4.3.1. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (CCPR) 78
4.3.2. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (CESCR) 81
4.3.3. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD) 83
4.3.4. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) 86
4.3.5. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT) 88
4.3.6. Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) 91
4.3.7. Other Major UN Human Rights Treaties 94
4.3.8. Treaty Monitoring Bodies 96
4.3.9. State Reporting Procedure 97
4.3.10. Complaints Procedure 99
4.3.11. Inquiry Procedure 103
4.4. Charter Based Organs and Mechanisms 104
4.4.1. Commission on Human Rights (CHR) 104
4.4.1.1. General Remarks 104
4.4.1.2. ECOSOC Resolution 1235 (XLII) of 6 June 1967 107
4.4.1.3. ECOSOC Resolution 1503 (XLVIII) of 27 May 1970 108
4.4.1.4. Country Specific Mechanisms 110
4.4.1.5. Thematic Mechanisms 115
4.4.1.6. Sub-Commission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights 117
4.4.2. Commission on the Status of Women 119
4.4.3. Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice 121
4.4.4. Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) 122
4.4.5. Trusteeship Council 124
4.4.6. General Assembly 125
4.4.7. Security Council 129
4.4.8. Secretary General 131
4.4.8.1. Structure of the Secretariat and Coordination Mechanisms 131
4.4.8.2. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights in Geneva (UNHCHR) 133
4.4.8.3. Division for the Advancement of Women (DAW), New York 134
4.4.8.4. Centre for International Crime Prevention (CICP), Vienna 135
4.4.8.5. Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Geneva 135
4.4.8.6. United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), New York 137
4.4.8.7. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), New York 137
4.4.8.8. Other Relevant UN Offices and Departments 138
4.5. UN Specialized Agencies 139
4.5.1. 'The United Nations Family' 139
4.5.2. International Labour Organization (ILO), Geneva 141
4.5.3. UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Paris 142
4.5.4. World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva 143
4.5.5. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Rome 143
4.5.6. World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF), Washington 144
4.5.7. The World Trade Organization (WTO), Geneva 146
4.6. Main World Conferences 147
4.6.1. Second World Conference on Human Rights, Vienna 1993 148
4.6.2. Fourth World Conference on Women, Beijing 1995 150
4.6.3. First World Social Summit, Copenhagen 1995 151
4.6.4. Third World Conference Against Racism, Durban 2001 152
5. Council of Europe (CoE) 157
5.1. The Three Pillars of the Council of Europe: Democracy, Rule of Law and Human Rights--Theory and Practice 157
5.2. European Convention on Human Rights 160
5.2.1. The Traditional Concept of Civil and Political Rights 160
5.2.2. Gradual Development of the Strasbourg Mechanism 161
5.2.3. Inter-State Complaints Procedure 165
5.2.4. Individual Complaints Procedure 168
5.3. European Social Charter (ESC) 173
5.4. European Convention for the Prevention of Torture (ECPT) 176
5.5. European Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities 179
5.6. European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages 181
5.7. European Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine 181
5.8. European Commissioner for Human Rights 183
5.9. European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) 184
5.10. Other Relevant Treaties and Mechanisms 185
6. Organization of American States (OAS) 189
6.1. From the Pan-American Union to the OAS 189
6.2. Purposes and Structures of the OAS 190
6.3. American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man 191
6.4. Charter Based Mechanisms 192
6.4.1. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 193
6.4.2. Individual Complaints System (based on OAS Charter) 194
6.4.3. Country Reports 195
6.5. American Convention on Human Rights (ACHR) 196
6.5.1. Individual complaints procedure 197
6.5.2. Inter-state Complaints Procedure 198
6.5.3. Inter-American Court of Human Rights: Competence 199
6.5.4. Inter-American Court of Human Rights: Judgements on Individual Complaints 200
6.6. Other Relevant Treaties and Mechanisms 201
7. Organization of African Unity (OAU)/African Union (AU) 203
7.1. Organization of African Unity (OAU) 203
7.2. African Union 204
7.3. Human Rights and Colonialism 205
7.4. African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 206
7.4.1. The African Concept of Individual and Collective Rights and Duties 207
7.4.2. African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights 207
7.4.3. African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights (to be established) 208
7.4.4. Inter-State Complaints Procedure 209
7.4.5. Individual Complaints Procedure 210
7.5. Other Relevant Treaties and Mechanisms 211
8. Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) 215
8.1. From CSCE to OSCE 216
8.2. The CSCE during the Cold War 218
8.3. Human Dimension 219
8.4. Human Dimension Mechanisms 221
8.5. Charter of Paris for a New Europe 222
8.6. The CSCE in Search of a New Identity 223
8.7. The OSCE: Structures and Institutions 224
8.8. Human Rights as Part of a Comprehensive Security Concept 226
8.9. High Commissioner on National Minorities (HCNM) 227
8.10. OSCE Representative on Freedom of Media 228
8.11. Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) 229
8.12. OSCE Field Missions and Activities 230
9. European Union (EU) 235
9.1. The Significance of Human Rights in the Process of European Integration 236
9.2. Human Rights as Admission Criteria 238
9.3. Human Rights within the EU 228
9.3.1. The Significance and Status of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) 239
9.3.2. Jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in Luxembourg 239
9.3.3. Asylum and Migration Policy 240
9.3.4. Protection against Discrimination in the European Union 241
9.3.5. European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC) 242
9.4. Human Rights and EU External Relations 242
9.4.1. Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) 243
9.4.2. Human Rights and Development Cooperation 244
9.4.3. Lome Conventions and Cotonou Agreement 245
9.4.4. Human Rights Clauses in Bilateral Treaties of the EU 246
9.5. Recent Developments 246
9.5.1. 'Leading by Example': A 'Human Rights Agenda' for the European Union for the Year 2000 247
9.5.2. Vienna Declaration of the EU of 10 December 1998 248
9.5.3. EU Annual Report on Human Rights 248
9.5.4. EU Charter of Fundamental Rights of 7 December 2000 249
10. Efforts of Other Regional Organizations to Protect Human Rights 253
10.1. Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) 254
10.2. League of Arab States 255
11. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOS) 257
11.1. NGOs as Part of Civil Society 257
11.2. Fact Finding and 'Mobilization of Shame' 258
11.3. The Contribution of NGOs to the Work of IGOs 259
11.4. UN Declaration on Human Rights Defenders 260
11.5. Well-Known International Human Rights NGOs 261
12. Traditional Procedures and Mechanisms for the International Protection of Human Rights 265
12.1. State Reporting Procedure 265
12.2. Inter-State Complaints Procedure 266
12.3. Individual Complaints Procedure 267
12.4. Inquiry Procedure 268
12.5. Other Forms of Fact-Finding, Investigation and Reporting 269
12.6. System of Visits 270
13. Shortcomings of Traditional Procedures and New Trends in the International Human Rights Regime 273
14. Mechanisms for the Prevention of Human Rights Violations 277
14.1. UN Preventive Deployment Force in Macedonia (UNPREDEP) 278
14.2. Burundi Field Mission of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR) 280
14.3. OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities (HCNM)-Case Studies 282
14.4. UN Declaration and UN Working Group on Enforced Disappearances 283
14.5. Austria and the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture (CTP) 286
15. Individual Criminal Responsibility for Serious Human Rights Violations 289
15.1. The Struggle against Impunity at the National Level: The 'Dirty War' in Argentina 290
15.2. The Principle of Universal Jurisdiction under the UN Convention against Torture (CAT): The Case of Hissein Habre in Senegal 291
15.3. Diplomatic Immunity versus Criminal Responsibility: The Pinochet Case Before the British House of Lords 293
15.4. International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) 295
15.5. International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) 297
15.6. The Long and Winding Road to the Adoption of the Rome Statute for an International Criminal Court (ICC) 298
15.7. International Criminal Court (ICC) 299
15.8. The Concept of Crimes against Humanity 301
15.9. Challenges for the ICC 302
16. Human Rights and the Maintenance of Peace and Security 307
16.1. Chapter VII UN Charter: Powers of the UN Security Council in the Event of a Threat to the Peace, Breach of the Peace or Act of Aggression 307
16.2. The Security Council and Human Rights 308
16.3. Sanctions of the Security Council under Article 41 312
16.4. Structure of the Dayton Peace Agreement for Bosnia and Herzegovina 315
16.5. UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) 319
16.6. UN Observer Mission in El Salvador (ONUSAL) 320
16.7. First Field Presence of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights: UN Field Operation in Rwanda (HRFOR) 321
16.8. Between Peacekeeping and Protectorate: UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) 322
16.9. Comprehensive Peace Operation: The International Community's Quasi Protectorate in Bosnia and Herzegovina 324
16.10. Self-Determination and UN Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) 326
16.11. Human Rights Protection by the Security Council as a Direct Consequence of International Peace Making: Case Study Iraq 328
16.12. Humanitarian Intervention for the Protection of Human Rights in 'Failed States': Case Study Somalia 330
16.13. The Tanzanian Intervention in Uganda in 1979: A 'Humanitarian Intervention'? 332
16.14. NATO Humanitarian Intervention for the Protection of Human Rights: Case Study Kosovo 334
16.15. Human Rights and the Fight against Terrorism: Case Study Afghanistan 336
17. Challenges for the Future 339
Abbreviations 349
Casebox Index 353
Name Index 355
Subject Index 357