<<V.001>>
INTRODUCTION = 1
Torture by private individuals = 3
1: TORTURE OF WOMEN IN THE HOME AND COMMUNITY = 9
Home: a place of terror = 10
Women bought and sold = 15
Abuses in the community = 19
2: FAILURE OF THE STATE TO ENSURE WOMEN’S RIGHT TO FREEDOM FROM TORTURE = 23
Failure to provide legal redress = 26
Failure to investigate: gender bias in the police = 30
Failure to prosecute and punish: gender bias of courts = 32
Social and cultural hurdles to redress = 37
3: TORTURE BY STATE AGENTS AND ARMED GROUPS = 41
Torture of women in custody = 42
Torture of women in armed conflict = 46
4: RECOMMENDATIONS = 55
Endnotes = 65
<<V.002>>
1: INTRODUCTION = 1
2: RESTRAINING ABUSE = 3
Chains, shackles and leg irons = 4
Restraint chairs = 11
3: CHEMICAL CONTROL = 15
Tear gas = 15
Pepper spray = 18
4: SHOCKING WEAPONS = 23
Electro-shock batons and cattle prods = 24
Stun guns, stun shields and tasers = 26
Electro-shock stun belts = 28
Failure to evaluate and monitor = 30
The spread of electro-shock technology = 32
Loopholes in the regulations = 38
5: TORTURE SKILLS = 41
School of the Americas = 42
Israeli-occupied south Lebanon = 45
Private security services = 46
6: AN AGENDA FOR ACTION = 49
Endnotes = 53
<<V.13>>
Introduction = 1
Chapter 1: Torture today = 9
Torture at the hands of the police 16
Cruel, inhuman or degrading conditions of detention = 21
“Lawful torture”: judicial corporal punishment = 24
Violence in the home and community = 28
Torture . a weapon of war = 32
Chapter 2: Discrimination: fertile ground for torture = 37
Racism and torture = 39
Torture of women = 46
Torture and sexual identity = 54
Torture of children = 62
Chapter 3: Impunity = 69
Impunity . a worldwide problem = 70
Obstacles to justice = 73
No safe haven for torturers = 81
International tribunals = 83
Chapter 4: Fighting torture: an agenda for action = 87
Preventing torture: safeguards in custody = 91
Strategy-building = 95
Using the international system against torture = 97
The battle for hearts and minds = 100
Stopping the torture trade = 102
Protecting people fleeing from torture = 107
Medical professionals and torture = 110
Treatment of torture survivors = 112
Recommendations = 115
What you can do = 122
Appendix 1:
AI’s 12-Point Program for the Prevention of Torture by Agents of the State = 124
Appendix 2:
International standards against torture (extracts) = 128
Appendix 3:
UN Convention against Torture, ratifications, declarations and reservations = 131
Endnotes = 136
<<V.16>>
PREFACE = vii
INTRODUCTION = 1
Torture and sexual identity = 3
‘Less than human’ = 4
Discrimination and impunity = 6
‘A planetary minority’ = 11
CHAPTER 1: CRIMINALIZING HOMOSEXUALITY - A LICENCE TO TORTURE = 12
Romania: ‘I was treated like the lowest of the low’ = 13
The Caribbean: a colonial legacy of cruelty = 15
Malaysia: a stick with which to beat opponents = 18
Cruel judicial punishments = 19
CHAPTER 2: TORTURE AND ILL-TREATMENT BY POLICE = 21
Policing the barrier between male and female = 24
Policing public space = 28
CHAPTER 3: TORTURE AND ILL-TREATMENT IN PRISONS = 30
Who you are, not what you do - identity, discrimination and risk = 31
CHAPTER 4: FORCED MEDICAL TREATMENT IN STATE INSTITUTIONS = 35
CHAPTER 5: ‘THE SEVERITY SHOWS THE HATRED’ - HOMOPHOBIC VIOLENCE IN THE COMMUNITY = 39
State responsibility for violence in the community = 39
Lesbians at risk in the home and community = 43
Young people at risk = 45
Extending protection = 46
CHAPTER 6: FLEEING TORTURE BASED ON SEXUAL IDENTITY = 49
CHAPTER 7: ‘FIGHTING FOR OUR LIVES’ - HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS = 53
LGBT rights defenders at risk = 56
CHAPTER 8: RECOMMENDATIONS = 59
APPENDIX: AI’s 12-Point Program for the Prevention of Torture by Agents of the State = 66
ENDNOTES = 70
<<V.20>>
INTRODUCTION = 1
CHAPTER 1: DISCRIMINATION AND THE LAW = 8
CHAPTER 2: TORTURE, ILL-TREATMENT AND EXCESSIVE USE OF FORCE = 19
CHAPTER 3: IMPUNITY AND LACK OF STATE PROTECTION = 27
CHAPTER 4: ETHNICITY, NATIONALITY AND CONFLICT = 37
CHAPTER 5: COLOUR, CASTE AND CULTURE = 61
CHAPTER 6: INDIGENOUS PEOPLES = 86
CHAPTER 7: FOREIGNERS, INCLUDING MIGRANTS, ASYLUM-SEEKERS AND REFUGEES = 96
CHAPTER 8: WOMEN AND RACE = 111
RECOMMENDATIONS = 119
ENDNOTES = 122
<<V.24>>
INTRODUCTION = 1
About this report = 3
Overcoming impunity: a vital step towards stamping out torture = 5
CHAPTER 1: No lasting reconciliation without justice = 8
The toll of impunity = 8
Bringing perpetrators to justice = 14
Providing reparations to victims = 19
The turning tide = 20
CHAPTER 2: The crime of torture and related crimes under international law = 25
Sources in international law of the prohibition of torture = 26
Torture as an independent crime = 32
The crime against humanity of torture = 35
The war crime of torture = 41
Ancillary crimes = 42
What is on the accessory's mind? = 44
Rape and other sexual crimes = 45
Ill-treatment: a crime under international law = 48
CHAPTER 3: Victims' right to reparations = 51
The right to an effective remedy = 52
Restitution, compensation and rehabilitation = 54
Civil actions in foreign courts = 58
CHAPTER 4: Injustice at home = 61
Barriers to criminal investigations, prosecutions and convictions = 61
Flaws in the national legal framework = 63
Statutes of limitation = 67
Impunity through legislation facilitating torture = 69
Impunity through obstruction of justice = 71
Lack of prompt and impartial investigations = 77
Failure to prosecute = 80
Convictions which disregard the seriousness of the crime = 81
Amnesties and pardons = 83
Is your country a safe haven for alleged torturers? = 87
CHAPTER 5: Justice abroad = 90
The exercise of universal jurisdiction by national courts = 93
Justice abroad as a tool for justice at home = 99
International criminal tribunals and courts = 105
CHAPTER 6: Recommendations = 108
The criminalization of torture = 108
The rights of victims = 110
International justice = 111
Appendix 1: Amnesty International's 12-Point Program for the Prevention of Torture by Agents of the State = 113
Appendix 2: Amnesty International's 14 Principles on the Effective Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction = 117
Appendix 3: Amnesty International's Summary Checklist for the Implementation of the Statute of the International Criminal Court = 131
ENDNOTES = 135
<<V.38>>
Introduction = 1
Chapter 1: Children and torture = 3
The rights of the child = 3
The protection of children under international law = 7
The special situation of children = 11
Effects of torture on children = 15
Mental illness or disability = 21
A hidden phenomenon? = 22
Impunity = 24
Chapter 2: Torture of children during conflict = 27
Armed conflict = 27
Refugees and internally displaced children = 31
Torture as a weapon of war = 33
Child Soldiers = 41
Chapter 3: Torture at the hands of the police = 49
Children in custody = 49
Deaths in custody = 56
Discriminatory ill-treatment = 59
Chapter 4: Torture of children in detention = 67
Juvenile detention centres = 67
Children held with adults = 77
Cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment in other institutions = 80
Corporal punishment = 83
Recommendations = 85
Appendix: AI’s 12-Point Program for the Prevention of Torture by Agents of the State = 92
Endnotes = 96
INTRODUCTION = 1
Torture by private individuals = 3
1: TORTURE OF WOMEN IN THE HOME AND COMMUNITY = 9
Home: a place of terror = 10
Women bought and sold = 15
Abuses in the community = 19
2: FAILURE OF THE STATE TO ENSURE WOMEN’S RIGHT TO FREEDOM FROM TORTURE = 23
Failure to provide legal redress = 26
Failure to investigate: gender bias in the police = 30
Failure to prosecute and punish: gender bias of courts = 32
Social and cultural hurdles to redress = 37
3: TORTURE BY STATE AGENTS AND ARMED GROUPS = 41
Torture of women in custody = 42
Torture of women in armed conflict = 46
4: RECOMMENDATIONS = 55
Endnotes = 65
<<V.002>>
1: INTRODUCTION = 1
2: RESTRAINING ABUSE = 3
Chains, shackles and leg irons = 4
Restraint chairs = 11
3: CHEMICAL CONTROL = 15
Tear gas = 15
Pepper spray = 18
4: SHOCKING WEAPONS = 23
Electro-shock batons and cattle prods = 24
Stun guns, stun shields and tasers = 26
Electro-shock stun belts = 28
Failure to evaluate and monitor = 30
The spread of electro-shock technology = 32
Loopholes in the regulations = 38
5: TORTURE SKILLS = 41
School of the Americas = 42
Israeli-occupied south Lebanon = 45
Private security services = 46
6: AN AGENDA FOR ACTION = 49
Endnotes = 53
<<V.13>>
Introduction = 1
Chapter 1: Torture today = 9
Torture at the hands of the police 16
Cruel, inhuman or degrading conditions of detention = 21
“Lawful torture”: judicial corporal punishment = 24
Violence in the home and community = 28
Torture . a weapon of war = 32
Chapter 2: Discrimination: fertile ground for torture = 37
Racism and torture = 39
Torture of women = 46
Torture and sexual identity = 54
Torture of children = 62
Chapter 3: Impunity = 69
Impunity . a worldwide problem = 70
Obstacles to justice = 73
No safe haven for torturers = 81
International tribunals = 83
Chapter 4: Fighting torture: an agenda for action = 87
Preventing torture: safeguards in custody = 91
Strategy-building = 95
Using the international system against torture = 97
The battle for hearts and minds = 100
Stopping the torture trade = 102
Protecting people fleeing from torture = 107
Medical professionals and torture = 110
Treatment of torture survivors = 112
Recommendations = 115
What you can do = 122
Appendix 1:
AI’s 12-Point Program for the Prevention of Torture by Agents of the State = 124
Appendix 2:
International standards against torture (extracts) = 128
Appendix 3:
UN Convention against Torture, ratifications, declarations and reservations = 131
Endnotes = 136
<<V.16>>
PREFACE = vii
INTRODUCTION = 1
Torture and sexual identity = 3
‘Less than human’ = 4
Discrimination and impunity = 6
‘A planetary minority’ = 11
CHAPTER 1: CRIMINALIZING HOMOSEXUALITY - A LICENCE TO TORTURE = 12
Romania: ‘I was treated like the lowest of the low’ = 13
The Caribbean: a colonial legacy of cruelty = 15
Malaysia: a stick with which to beat opponents = 18
Cruel judicial punishments = 19
CHAPTER 2: TORTURE AND ILL-TREATMENT BY POLICE = 21
Policing the barrier between male and female = 24
Policing public space = 28
CHAPTER 3: TORTURE AND ILL-TREATMENT IN PRISONS = 30
Who you are, not what you do - identity, discrimination and risk = 31
CHAPTER 4: FORCED MEDICAL TREATMENT IN STATE INSTITUTIONS = 35
CHAPTER 5: ‘THE SEVERITY SHOWS THE HATRED’ - HOMOPHOBIC VIOLENCE IN THE COMMUNITY = 39
State responsibility for violence in the community = 39
Lesbians at risk in the home and community = 43
Young people at risk = 45
Extending protection = 46
CHAPTER 6: FLEEING TORTURE BASED ON SEXUAL IDENTITY = 49
CHAPTER 7: ‘FIGHTING FOR OUR LIVES’ - HUMAN RIGHTS DEFENDERS = 53
LGBT rights defenders at risk = 56
CHAPTER 8: RECOMMENDATIONS = 59
APPENDIX: AI’s 12-Point Program for the Prevention of Torture by Agents of the State = 66
ENDNOTES = 70
<<V.20>>
INTRODUCTION = 1
CHAPTER 1: DISCRIMINATION AND THE LAW = 8
CHAPTER 2: TORTURE, ILL-TREATMENT AND EXCESSIVE USE OF FORCE = 19
CHAPTER 3: IMPUNITY AND LACK OF STATE PROTECTION = 27
CHAPTER 4: ETHNICITY, NATIONALITY AND CONFLICT = 37
CHAPTER 5: COLOUR, CASTE AND CULTURE = 61
CHAPTER 6: INDIGENOUS PEOPLES = 86
CHAPTER 7: FOREIGNERS, INCLUDING MIGRANTS, ASYLUM-SEEKERS AND REFUGEES = 96
CHAPTER 8: WOMEN AND RACE = 111
RECOMMENDATIONS = 119
ENDNOTES = 122
<<V.24>>
INTRODUCTION = 1
About this report = 3
Overcoming impunity: a vital step towards stamping out torture = 5
CHAPTER 1: No lasting reconciliation without justice = 8
The toll of impunity = 8
Bringing perpetrators to justice = 14
Providing reparations to victims = 19
The turning tide = 20
CHAPTER 2: The crime of torture and related crimes under international law = 25
Sources in international law of the prohibition of torture = 26
Torture as an independent crime = 32
The crime against humanity of torture = 35
The war crime of torture = 41
Ancillary crimes = 42
What is on the accessory's mind? = 44
Rape and other sexual crimes = 45
Ill-treatment: a crime under international law = 48
CHAPTER 3: Victims' right to reparations = 51
The right to an effective remedy = 52
Restitution, compensation and rehabilitation = 54
Civil actions in foreign courts = 58
CHAPTER 4: Injustice at home = 61
Barriers to criminal investigations, prosecutions and convictions = 61
Flaws in the national legal framework = 63
Statutes of limitation = 67
Impunity through legislation facilitating torture = 69
Impunity through obstruction of justice = 71
Lack of prompt and impartial investigations = 77
Failure to prosecute = 80
Convictions which disregard the seriousness of the crime = 81
Amnesties and pardons = 83
Is your country a safe haven for alleged torturers? = 87
CHAPTER 5: Justice abroad = 90
The exercise of universal jurisdiction by national courts = 93
Justice abroad as a tool for justice at home = 99
International criminal tribunals and courts = 105
CHAPTER 6: Recommendations = 108
The criminalization of torture = 108
The rights of victims = 110
International justice = 111
Appendix 1: Amnesty International's 12-Point Program for the Prevention of Torture by Agents of the State = 113
Appendix 2: Amnesty International's 14 Principles on the Effective Exercise of Universal Jurisdiction = 117
Appendix 3: Amnesty International's Summary Checklist for the Implementation of the Statute of the International Criminal Court = 131
ENDNOTES = 135
<<V.38>>
Introduction = 1
Chapter 1: Children and torture = 3
The rights of the child = 3
The protection of children under international law = 7
The special situation of children = 11
Effects of torture on children = 15
Mental illness or disability = 21
A hidden phenomenon? = 22
Impunity = 24
Chapter 2: Torture of children during conflict = 27
Armed conflict = 27
Refugees and internally displaced children = 31
Torture as a weapon of war = 33
Child Soldiers = 41
Chapter 3: Torture at the hands of the police = 49
Children in custody = 49
Deaths in custody = 56
Discriminatory ill-treatment = 59
Chapter 4: Torture of children in detention = 67
Juvenile detention centres = 67
Children held with adults = 77
Cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment in other institutions = 80
Corporal punishment = 83
Recommendations = 85
Appendix: AI’s 12-Point Program for the Prevention of Torture by Agents of the State = 92
Endnotes = 96